PREFACE TO THE SIXTEENTH EDITION
PREFACE TO THE FIFTEENTH EDITION
PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION
Section 1: Inorganic Chemistry
1.1 NOMENCLATURE OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS 1.3
1.1.1 Writing Formulas 1.4
1.1.2 Naming Compounds 1.5
1.1.3 Cations 1.8
1.1.4 Anions 1.8
1.1.5 Acids 1.9
Table 1.1 Trivial Names for Acids 1.10
1.1.6 Salts and Functional Derivatives of Acids 1.11
1.1.7 Coordination Compounds 1.11
1.1.8 Addition Compounds 1.13
1.1.9 Synonyms and Trade Names 1.13
Table 1.2 Synonyms and Mineral Names 1.13
1.2 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS 1.16
1.2.1 Density 1.16
1.2.2 Melting Point (Freezing Temperature) 1.16
1.2.3 Boiling Point 1.16
1.2.4 Refractive Index 1.17
Table 1.3 Physical Constants of Inorganic Compounds 1.18
Table 1.4 Color,Crystal Symmetry and Refarctive Index of Inogranic Compounds 1.64
Table 1.5 Refractive Index of Minerals 1.86
Table 1.6 Properties of Molten Salts 1.88
Table 1.7 Triple Points of Various Materials 1.90
Table 1.8 Density of Mercury and Water 1.91
Table 1.9 Specific Gravity of Air at Various Temperatures 1.92
Table 1.10 Boiling Points of Water 1.93
Table 1.11 Boiling Points of Water 1.94
Table 1.12 Refractive Index,Viscosity,Dielectr ic Constant,and Surface Tension
of Water at Various Temperatures 1.95
Table 1.13 Compressibility of Water 1.95
Table 1.14 Flammability Limits of Inorganic Compounds in Air 1.96
1.3 THE ELEMENTS 1.96
Table 1.15 Subdivision of Main Energy Levels 1.96
Table 1.16 Chemical Symbols,At omic Numbers,and Electron Arrangements
of the Elements 1.97
Table 1.17 Atomic Numbers,Periods,and Groups of the
Elements (The Periodic Table) 1.121
Table 1.18 Atomic Weights of the Elements 1.122
Table 1.19 Physical Properties of the Elements 1.124
Table 1.20 Conductivity and Resistivity of the Elements 1.128
Table 1.21 Work Functions of the Elements 1.132
Table 1.22 Relative Abundances of Naturally Occurring Isotopes 1.132
Table 1.23 Radioactivity of the Elements (Neptunium Series) 1.135
Table 1.24 Radioactivity of the Elements (Thorium Series) 1.136
Table 1.25 Radioactivity of the Elements (Actinium Series) 1.137
Table 1.26 Radioactivity of the Elements (Uranium Series) 1.137
1.4 IONIZATION ENERGY 1.138
Table 1.27 lonization Energy of the Elements 1.138
Table 1.28 lonization Energy of Molecular and Radical Species 1.141
1.5 ELECTRONEGATIVITY 1.145
Table 1.29 Electronegativity Values of the Elements 1.145
1.6 ELECTRON AFFINITY 1.146
Table 1.30 Electron Affinities of Elements,Molecules,and Radicals 1.146
1.7 BOND LENGTHS AND STRENGTHS 1.150
1.7.1 Atom Radius 1.151
1.7.2 Ionic Radii 1.151
1.7.3 Covalent Radii 1.151
Table 1.31 Atom Radii and Effective Ionic Radii of Elements 1.151
Table 1.32 Approximate Effective Ionic Radii in Aqueous Solutions at 25°C 1.157
Table 1.33 Covalent Radii for Atoms 1.158
Table 1.34 Octahedral Covalent Radii for CN = 6 1.158
Table 1.35 Bond Lengths between Elements 1.159
Table 1.36 Bond Dissociation Energies 1.160
1.8 DIPOLE MOMENTS 1.171
Table 1.37 Bond Dipole Moments 1.171
Table 1.38 Group Dipole Moments 1.172
1.8.1 Dielectric Constant 1.172
Table 1.39 Dipole Moments and Dielectric Constants 1.173
1.9 MOLECULAR GEOMETRY 1.174
Table 1.40 Spatial Orientation of Common Hybrid Bonds 1.175
Table 1.41 Crystal Lattice Types 1.176
Table 1.42 Crystal Structure 1.177
1.10 NUCLIDES 1.177
Table 1.43 Table of Nuclides 1.177
1.11 VAPOR PRESSURE 1.199
1.11.1 Vapor Pressure Equations 1.199
Table 1.44 Vapor Pressures of Selected Elements at Different Temperatures 1.201
Table 1.45 Vapor Pressures of Inorganic Compounds up to 1 Atmosphere 1.203
Table 1.46 Vapor Pressures of Various Inorganic Compounds 1.212
Table 1.47 Vapor Pressure of Mercury 1.220
Table 1.48 Vapor Pressure of Ice in Millimeters of Mercury 1.222
Table 1.49 Vapor Pressure of LiquidA mmonia,NH 3 1.223
Table 1.50 Vapor Pressure of Water 1.224
Table 1.51 Vapor Pressure of Deuterium Oxide 1.225
1.12 VISCOSITY AND SURFACE TENSION 1.226
Table 1.52 Viscosity and Surface Tension of Inorganic Substances 1.226
1.13 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY 1.230
Table 1.53 Thermal Conductivity of the Elements 1.231
Table 1.54 Thermal Conductivity of Various Solids 1.232
1.14 CRITICAL PROPERTIES 1.233
1.14.1 Critical Temperature 1.233
1.14.2 Critical Pressure 1.233
1.14.3 Critical Volume 1.234
1.14.4 Critical Compressibility Factor 1.234
Table 1.55 Critical Properties 1.234
1.15 THERMODYNAMIC FUNCTIONS (CHANGE OF STATE) 1.237
Table 1.56 Enthalpies and Gibbs Enegries of Formation,Entr opies,
and Heat Capacities of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds 1.237
Table 1.57 Heats of Fusion,Vaporization, and Sublimation and Specific Heat
at Various Temperatures of the Elements
and Inorganic Compounds 1.280
1.16 ACTIVITY COEFFICIENTS 1.299
Table 1.58 Individual Activity Coefficients of Ions in Water at 25°C 1.300
Table 1.59 Constants of the Debye-Hückel Equation from 0 to 100°C 1.300
Table 1.60 Individual Ionic Activity Coefficients at Higher Ionic Strengths at 25°C 1.301
1.17 BUFFER SOLUTIONS 1.301
1.17.1 Standards of pH Measurement of Blood and Biological Media 1.301
Table 1.61 National Bureau of Standards (U.S.) Reference pH Buffer Solutions 1.303
Table 1.62 Compositions of Standard pH Buffer Solutions
[National Bureau of Standards (U.S.)] 1.304
Table 1.63 Composition and pH Values of Buffer Solutions 8.107 1.304
Table 1.64 Standard Reference Values pH* for the Measurement of Acidity
in 50 Weight Percent Methanol-Water 1.306
Table 1.65 pH Values for Buffer Solutions in Alcohol-Water Solvents at 25°C 1.307
1.17.2 Buffer Solutions Other than Standards 1.307
Table 1.66 pH Values of Biological and Other Buffers for Control Purposes 1.308
1.18 SOLUBILITY AND EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANTS 1.310
Table 1.67 Solubility of Gases in Water 1.311
Table 1.68 Solubility of Inorganic Compounds and Metal Salts of Organic Acids
in Water at Various Temperatures 1.316
Table 1.69 Dissociation Constants of Inorganic Acids 1.330
Table 1.70 Ionic Product Constant of Water 1.331
Table 1.71 Solubility Product Constants 1.331
Table 1.72 Stability Constants of Complex Ions 1.343
Table 1.73 Saturated Solutions 1.343
1.19 PROTON-TRANSFER REACTIONS 1.350
1.19.1 Calculation of the Approximate Value of Solutions 1.350
1.19.2 Calculation of the Concentrations of Species Present at a Given pH 1.351
Table 1.74 Proton Transfer Reactions of Inorganic Materials in Water at 25°C 1.352
1.20 FORMATION CONSTANTS OF METAL COMPLEXES 1.357
Table 1.75 Cumulative Formation Constants for Metal Complexes with
Inorganic Ligands 1.358
Table 1.76 Cumulative Formation Constants for Metal Complexes
with Organic Ligands 1.363
1.21 ELECTRODE POTENTIALS 1.380
Table 1.77 Potentials of the Elements and Their Compounds at 25°C 1.380
Table 1.78 Potentials of Selected Half-Reactions at 25°C 1.393
Table 1.79 Overpotentials for Common Electrode Reactions at 25°C 1.396
Table 1.80 Half-Wave Potentials of Inorganic Materials 1.397
Table 1.81 Standard Electrode Potentials for Aqueous Solutions 1.401
Table 1.82 Potentials of Reference Electrodes in Volts as a Function
of Temperature 1.404
Table 1.83 Potentials of Reference Electrodes (in Volts) at 25°C for Water-Organic
Solvent Mixtures 1.405
1.22 CONDUCTANCE 1.405
Table 1.84 Properties of Liquid Semi-Conductors 1.407
Table 1.85 Limiting Equivalent Ionic Conductances in Aqueous Solutions 1.408
Table 1.86 Standard Solutions for Calibrating Conductivity Vessels 1.411
Table 1.87 Equivalent Conductivities of Electrolytes in Aqueous Solutions at 18°C 1.412
Table 1.88 Conductivity of Very Pure Water at Various Temperatures and the
Equivalent Conductance’s of Hydrogen and Hydroxyl Ions 1.417
1.23 THERMAL PROPERTIES 1.418
Table 1.89 Eutectic Mixtures 1.418
Table 1.90 Transition Temperatures 1.418
Section 2: Organic Chemistry
2.1 NOMENCLATURE OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS 2.4
2.1.1 Nonfunctional Compounds 2.4
Table 2.1 Straight-Chain Alkanes 2.4
Table 2.2 Fused Polycyclic Hydrocarbons 2.10
Table 2.3 Heterocyclic Systems 2.13
Table 2.4 Suffixes for Heterocyclic Systems 2.13
Table 2.5 Trivial Names of Heterocyclic Systems Suitable
for Use in Fusion Names 2.14
Table 2.6 Trivial Names for Heterocyclic Systems that are Not
Recommended for Use in Fusion Names 2.17
2.1.2 Functional Compounds 2.18
Table 2.7 Characteristic Groups for Substitutive Nomenclature 2.19
Table 2.8 Characteristic Groups Cited Only as Prefixes
in Substitutive Nomenclature 2.20
Table 2.9 Radicofunctional Nomenclature 2.23
2.1.3 Specific Functional Groups 2.23
Table 2.10 Alcohols and Phenols 2.24
Table 2.11 Names of Some Carboxylic Acids 2.30
Table 2.12 Phosphorus-Containing Compounds 2.35
2.1.4 Stereochemistry 2.38
2.1.5 Amino Acids 2.47
Table 2.13 Formula and Nomenclature of Amino Acids 2.47
Table 2.14 Acid-Base Properties of Amino Acids 2.48
Table 2.15 Acid-Base Properties of Amino Acids with Ionizable Side Chains 2.48
2.1.6 Carbohydrates 2.48
2.1.7 Miscellaneous Compounds 2.54
Table 2.16 Representative Terpenes 2.54
Table 2.17 Representative Fatty Acids 2.55
Table 2.18 Pyrimidines and Purines that Occur in DNA and RNA 2.56
Table 2.19 Organic Radicals 2.57
2.2 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS 2.64
Table 2.20 Physical Constants of Organic Compounds 2.65
Table 2.21 Melting Points of Derivatives of Organic Compounds 2.254
Table 2.22 Melting Points of n-Paraffins 2.255
Table 2.23 Boiling Point and Density of Alkyl Halides 2.255
Table 2.24 Properties of Carboxylic Acids 2.256
Table 2.25 The Structure,Melting Point,and Boiling Points
of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons 2.257
Table 2.26 Properties of Naturally Occurring Amino Acids 2.267
Table 2.27 Hildebrand Solubility Parameters of Organic Liquids 2.268
Table 2.28 Hansen Solubility Parameters of Organic Liquids 2.269
Table 2.29 Group Contributions to the Solubility Parameter 2.270
2.3 VISCOSITY AND SURFACE TENSION 2.270
Table 2.30 Viscosity and Surface Tension of Organic Compounds 2.272
Table 2.31 Viscosity of Aqueous Glycerol Solutions 2.287
Table 2.32 Viscosity of Aqueous Sucrose Solutions 2.287
2.4 REFRACTION AND REFRACTIVE INDEX 2.287
Table 2.33 Atomic and Group Refractions 2.288
Table 2.34 Refractive Indices of Organic Compounds 2.289
Table 2.35 Solvents Having the Same Refractive Index and the Same
Density at 25°C 2.294
2.5 VAPOR PRESSURE AND BOILING POINTS 2.296
Table 2.36 Vapor Pressures of Various Organic Compounds 2.297
Table 2.37 Boiling Points of Common Organic Compounds
at Selected Pressures 2.315
Table 2.38 Organic Solvents Arranged by Boiling Points 2.348
Table 2.39 Boiling Points of n-Paraffins 2.350
2.6 FLAMMABILITY PROPERTIES 2.351
Table 2.40 Boiling Points,Flash points,and Ignition Temperatures
of Organic Compounds 2.352
Table 2.41 Properties of Combustible Mixtures in Air 2.426
2.7 AZEOTROPIC MIXTURES 2.434
Table 2.42 Binary Azeotropic (Constant-Boiling) Mixtures 2.435
Table 2.43 Ternary Azeotropic Mixtures 2.454
2.8 FREEZING MIXTURES 2.460
Table 2.44 Compositions of Aqueous Antifreeze Solutions 2.460
2.9 BOND LENGTHS AND STRENGTHS 2.464
Table 2.45 Bond Lengths between Carbon and Other Elements 2.464
Table 2.46 Bond Dissociation Energies 2.467
2.10 DIPOLE MOMENTS AND DIELECTRIC CONSTANTS 2.468
Table 2.47 Bond Dipole Moments 2.468
Table 2.48 Group Dipole Moments 2.469
Table 2.49 Dielectric Constant (Permittivity) and Dipole Moment
of Organic Compounds 2.470
2.11 IONIZATION ENERGY 2.494
Table 2.50 Ionization Energy of Molecular and Radical Species 2.495
2.12 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY 2.506
Table 2.51 Thermal Conductivities of Gases as a Function of Temperature 2.506
Table 2.52 Thermal Conductivity of Various Substances 2.509
2.13 ENTHALPIES AND GIBBS ENERGIES OF FORMATION,ENTR OPIES, AND HEAT
CAPACITIES (CHANGE OF STATE) 2.512
2.13.1 Thermodynamic Relations 2.512
Table 2.53 Enthalpies and Gibbs enegries of Formation,Entr opies,and Heat
Capacities of Organic Compounds 2.515
Table 2.54 Heats of Fusion,Vaporization,Sublimation,and Specific Heat at Various
Temperatures of Organic Compounds 2.561
2.14 CRITICAL PROPERTIES 2.591
Table 2.55 Critical Properties 2.592
Table 2.56 Lydersen’s Critical Property Increments 2.607
Table 2.57 Vetere Group Contribution to Estimate Critical Volume 2.608
Table 2.58 Van der Waals’ Constants for Gases 2.609
2.15 EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANTS 2.620
Table 2.59 pK,Values of Organic Materials in Water at 25°C 2.620
Table 2.60 Selected Equilibrium Constants in Aqueous Solution
at Various Temperatures 2.670
Table 2.61 pK,Values for Proton-Transfer Reactions in Non-aqueous Solvents 2.676
2.16 INDICATORS 2.677
Table 2.62 Acid-Base Indicators 2.677
Table 2.63 Mixed Indicators 2.680
Table 2.64 Fluorescent Indicators 2.682
Table 2.65 Selected List of Oxidation-Reduction Indicators 2.684
Table 2.66 Indicators for Approximate pH Determination 2.686
Table 2.67 Oxidation-Reduction Indicators 2.686
2.17 ELECTRODE POTENTIALS 2.687
Table 2.68 Half-Wave Potentials (vs. Saturated Calomel Electrode) of Organic
Compounds at 25°C 2.687
2.18 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY 2.698
Table 2.69 Electrical Conductivity of Various Pure Liquids 2.698
Table 2.70 Limiting Equivalent Ionic Conductance in Aqueous Solutions 2.699
Table 2.71 Properties of Organic Semi-Conductors 2.700
2.19 LINEAR FREE ENERGY RELATIONSHIPS 2.702
Table 2.72 Hammett and Taft Substituent Constants 2.703
Table 2.73 pK°a and Rho Values for Hammett Equation 2.707
Table 2.74 pK°a and Rho Values for Taft Equation 2.708
Table 2.75 Special Hammett Sigma Constants 2.709
2.20 POLYMERS 2.709
Table 2.76 Names and Structures of Polymers 2.730
Table 2.77 Plastics 2.739
Table 2.78 Properties of Commercial Plastics 2.740
Table 2.79 Properties of Natural and Synthetic Rubbers 2.776
Table 2.80 Density of Polymers Listed by Trade Name 2.777
Table 2.81 Density of Polymers Listed by Chemical Name 2.778
Table 2.82 Density of Polymers at Various Temperatures 2.780
Table 2.83 Surface Tension (Liquid Phase) of Polymers 2.782
Table 2.84 Interfacial Tension (Liquid Phase) of Polymers 2.783
Table 2.85 Thermal Expansion Coefficients of Polymers 2.784
Table 2.86 Heat Capacities of Polymers 2.786
Table 2.87 Thermal Conductivity of Polymers 2.798
Table 2.88 Thermal Conductivity of Foamed Polymers 2.798
Table 2.89 Thermal Conductivity of Polymers with Fillers 2.799
Table 2.90 Resistance of Selected Polymers and Rubber to Various
Chemicals at 20°C 2.800
Table 2.91 Gas Permeability Constants (1010 P) at 25°C
for Polymers and Rubber 2.801
Table 2.92 Vapor Permeability Constants (1010 P) at 35°C
for Polymers 2.803
Table 2.93 Hildebrand Solubility Parameters of Polymers 2.804
Table 2.94 Hansen Solubility Parameters of Polymers 2.805
Table 2.95 Refractive Indices of Polymers 2.807
2.21 FATS,OILS , AND WAXES 2.807
Table 2.96 Physical Properties of Fats and Oils 2.808
Table 2.97 Physical Properties of of Waxes 2.810
2.22 PETROLEUM PRODUCTS 2.811
Table 2.98 Physical Properties of Petroleum Products 2.811
Section 3: Spectroscopy
3.1 INFRARED ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY 3.3
Table 3.1 Absorption Frequencies of Single Bonds to Hydrogen 3.3
Table 3.2 Absorption Frequencies of Triple Bonds 3.9
Table 3.3 Absorption Frequencies of Cumulated Double Bonds 3.10
3.1.1 Intensities of Carbonyl Bands 3.11
3.1.2 Position of Carbonyl Absorption 3.12
Table 3.4 Absorption Frequencies of Carbonyl Bands 3.12
Table 3.5 Absorption Frequencies of Other Double Bonds 3.16
Table 3.6 Absorption Frequencies of Aromatic Bands 3.19
Table 3.7 Absorption Frequencies of Miscellaneous Bands 3.20
Table 3.8 Absorption Frequencies in the Near Infrared 3.26
Table 3.9 Infrared Transmitting Materials 3.28
Table 3.10 Infrared Transmission Characteristics of Selected Solvents 3.29
Table 3.11 Values of Absorbance for Percent Absorption 3.31
Table 3.12 Transmittance-Absorbance Conversion Table 3.33
Table 3.13 Wave number/Wavelength Conversion Table 3.36
3.2 RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY 3.37
Table 3.14 Raman Frequencies of Single Bonds to Hydrogen
and Carbon 3.38
Table 3.15 Raman Frequencies of Triple Bonds 3.42
Table 3.16 Raman Frequencies of Cumulated Double Bonds 3.43
Table 3.17 Raman Frequencies of Carbonyl Bands 3.44
Table 3.18 Raman Frequencies of Other Double Bonds 3.46
Table 3.19 Raman Frequencies of Aromatic Compounds 3.48
Table 3.20 Raman Frequencies of Sulfur Compounds 3.50
Table 3.21 Raman Frequencies of Ethers 3.51
Table 3.22 Raman Frequencies of Halogen Compounds 3.52
Table 3.23 Raman Frequencies of Miscellaneous Compounds 3.53
Table 3.24 Principal Argon-Ion Laser Plasma Lines 3.53
3.3 ULTRAVIOLET-VISIBLE SPECTROSCOPY 3.54
Table 3.25 Electronic Absorption Bands for Representative 3.55
Chromophores
Table 3.26 Ultraviolet Cutoffs of Spectrograde Solvents 3.56
Table 3.27 Absorption Wavelength of Dienes 3.57
Table 3.28 Absorption Wavelength of Enones and Dienones 3.58
Table 3.29 Solvent Correction for Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy 3.58
Table 3.30 Primary Bands of Substituted Benzene and Heteroaromatics 3.59
Table 3.31 Wavelength Calculation of the Principal Band of Substituted 3.59
Benzene Derivatives
3.4 FLUORESCENCE SPECTROSCOPY 3.60
Table 3.32 Fluorescence Spectroscopy of Some Organic Compounds 3.61
Table 3.33 Fluorescence Quantum Yield Values 3.63
3.5 FLAME ATOMIC EMISSION,FLAME ATOMIC ABSORPTION,ELECTR OTHERMAL
(FURNACE) ATOMIC ABSORPTION,AR GON INDUCTION COUPLED PLASMA,
AND PLASMA ATOMIC FLUORESCENCE 3.64
3.51 Common Spectroscopic Relationships 3.64
Table 3.34 Detection Limits in ng/mL 3.67
Table 3.35 Sensitive Lines of the Elements 3.72
3.6 NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE 3.76
Table 3.36 Nuclear Properties of the Elements 3.77
Table 3.37 Proton Chemical Shifts 3.80
Table 3.38 Estimation of Chemical Shift for Protons of CH2 3.83
and Methine Groups
Table 3.39 Estimation of Chemical Shift of Proton Attached
to a Double Bond 3.83
Table 3.40 Chemical Shifts in Mono-substituted Benzene 3.84
Table 3.41 Proton Spin Coupling Constants 3.85
Table 3.42 Proton Chemical Shifts of Reference Compounds 3.86
Table 3.43 Solvent Positions of Residual Protons in Incompletely 3.86
Deuterated Solvents
Table 3.44 Carbon-13 Chemical Shifts 3.87
Table 3.45 Estimation of Chemical Shifts of Alkane Carbons 3.90
Table 3.46 Effect of Substituent Groups on Alkyl Chemical Shifts 3.90
Table 3.47 Estimation of Chemical Shifts of Carbon Attached
to a Double Bond 3.91
Table 3.48 Carbon-13 Chemical Shifts in Substituted Benzenes 3.92
Table 3.49 Carbon-13 Chemical Shifts in Substituted Pyridines 3.93
Table 3.50 Carbon-13 Chemical Shifts of Carbonyl Group 3.94
Table 3.51 One-Bond Carbon-Hydrogen Spin Coupling Constants 3.95
Table 3.52 Two-Bond Carbon-Hydrogen Spin Coupling Constants 3.96
Table 3.53 Carbon-Carbon Spin Coupling Constants 3.96
Table 3.54 Carbon-Fluorine Spin Coupling Constants 3.97
Table 3.55 Carbon-13 Chemical Shifts of Deuterated Solvents 3.98
Table 3.56 Carbon-13 Coupling Constants with Various Nuclei 3.98
Table 3.57 Boron-11 Chemical Shifts 3.99
Table 3.58 Nitrogen-15 (or Nitrogen-14) Chemical Shifts 3.100
Table 3.59 Nitrogen-15 Chemical Shifts in Mono-substituted Pyridine 3.103
Table 3.60 Nitrogen-15 Chemical Shifts for Standards 3.103
Table 3:61 Nitrogen-15 to Hydrogen-1 Spin Coupling Constants 3.104
Table 3.62 Nitrogen-15 to Carbon-13 Spin Coupling Constants 3.104
Table 3.63 Nitrogen-15 to Fluorine-19 Spin Coupling Constants 3.104
Table 3.64 Fluorine-19 Chemical Shifts 3.105
Table 3.65 Fluorine-19 Chemical Shifts for Standards 3.106
Table 3.66 Fluorine-19 to Fluorine-19 Spin Coupling Constants 3.106
Table 3.67 Silicon-29 Chemical Shifts 3.106
Table 3.68 Phosphorus-31 Chemical Shifts 3.107
Table 3.69 Phosphorus-31 Spin Coupling Constants 3.110
3.7 MASS SPECTROMETRY 3.111
3.7.1 Correlation of Mass Spectra with Molecular Structure 3.111
3.7.2 Mass Spectra and Structure 3.113
Table 3.70 Isotopic Abundances and Masses of Selected Elements 3.115
Table 3.71 Table of Mass Spectra 3.115
3.8 X-RAY METHODS 3.126
Table 3.72 Wavelengths of X-Ray Emission Spectra in Angstroms 3.128
Table 3.73 Wavelengths of Absorption Edges in Angstroms 3.130
Table 3.74 Critical X-Ray Absorption Energies in keV 3.133
Table 3.75 X-Ray Emission Energies in keV 3.135
Table 3.76 b Filters for Common Target Elements 3.138
Table 3.77 Interplanar Spacing for Ka,Radiation, d versus 20 3.138
Table 3.78 Analyzing Crystals for X-Ray Spectroscopy 3.139
Table 3.79 Mass Absorption Coefficients for K1 Lines and W La,Line 3.140
Section 4: General Information and Conversion Tables
4.1 GENERAL INFORMATION 4.3
Table 4.1 SI Prefixes 4.3
Table 4.2 Greek Alphabet 4.4
4.2 PHYSICAL CONSTANTS AND CONVERSION FACTORS 4.4
Table 4.3 Physical Constants 4.4
Table 4.4 Conversion Factors 4.8
4.3 CONVERSION OF THERMOMETER SCALES 4.28
Table 4.5 Temperature Conversion 4.29
4.4 DENSITY AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY 4.41
Table 4.6 Hydrometer Conversion 4.45
4.5 BAROMETRY AND BAROMETRIC CORRECTIONS 4.47
Table 4.7 Barometer Temperature Correction––Metric Units 4.48
Table 4.8 Barometric Latitude-Gravity––Metric Units 4.51
Table 4.9 Barometric Correction for Gravity––Metric Units 4.53
Table 4.10 Reduction of the Barometer to Sea Level-Metric Units 4.54
Table 4.11 Pressure Conversion 4.58
Table 4.12 Conversion of Weighings in Air to Weighings in Vacuo 4.59
Table 4.13 Factors for Reducing Gas Volumes to Normal (Standard)
Temperature and Pressure (760 mmHg) 4.61
4.6 VISCOSITY 4.66
Table 4.14 Viscosity Conversion 4.66
4.7 PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY EQUATIONS EQUATIONS FOR GASES 4.67
4.7.1 Equations of State (PVT Relations for Real Cases) 4.68
4.7.2 Properties of Gas Molecules 4.69
Table 4.15 Molar Equivalent of One Liter of Gas at Various
Temperatures and Pressures 4.70
Table 4.16 Corrections to Be Added to Molar Values to Convert to Molal 4.73
4.8 COOLING 4.73
Table 4.17 Cooling Mixtures 4.73
Table 4.18 Molecular Lowering of the Melting or Freezing Point 4.74
4.9 DRYING AND HUMIDIFICATION 4.75
Table 4.19 Drying Agents 4.75
Table 4.20 Solutions for Maintaining Constant Humidity 4.76
Table 4.21 Concentration of Solutions of H2SO4,NaOH,and CaCl 2 4.77
Giving Specified Vapor Pressures and Percent Humidity at 25°C
Table 4.22 Relative Humidity from Wet and Dry Bulb Thermometer Readings 4.77
Table 4.23 Relative Humidity from Dew Point Readings 4.79
Table 4.24 Mass of Water Vapor in Saturated Air 4.80
4.10 MOLECULAR WEIGHT 4.81
Table 4.25 Molecular Elevation of the Boiling Point 4.81
4.11 Heating Baths 4.83
Table 4.26 Substances that Can Be Used for Heating Baths 4.83
4.12 SEPARATION METHODS 4.83
Table 4.27 Solvents of Chromatographic Interest 4.84
Table 4.28 McReynolds’ Constants for Stationary Phases
in Gas Chromatography 4.86
4.12.1 McReynolds’ Constants 4.83
Table 4.29 Characteristics of Selected Supercritical Fluids 4.94
4.12.2 Chromatographic Behavior of Solutes 4.90
Table 4.30 Typical Performances in HPLC for Various Conditions 4.95
4.12.3 Ion-Exchange (Normal Pressure,Columnar) 4.95
Table 4.31 Ion-Exchange Resins 4.97
Table 4.32 Relative Selectivity of Various Counter Cations 4.101
Table 4.33 Relative Selectivity of Various Counter Anions 4.102
4.13 GRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS 4.104
Table 4.34 Gravimetric Factors 4.104
Table 4.35 Elements Precipitated by General Analytical Reagents 4.130
Table 4.36 Cleaning Solutions for Fritted Glassware 4.132
Table 4.37 Common Fluxes 4.133
Table 4.38 Membrane Filters 4.133
Table 4.39 Porosities of Fritted Glassware 4.134
Table 4.40 Tolerances for Analytical Weights 4.134
Table 4.41 Heating Temperatures,Composition of Weighing 4.135
Forms,and Gravimetric Factors
4.14 VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS 4.137
Table 4.42 Primary Standards for Aqueous Acid-Base Titrations 4.137
Table 4.43 Titrimetric (Volumetric) Factors 4.138
Table 4.44 Equations for the Redox Determinations of the
Elements with Equivalent Weights 4.145
Table 4.45 Standard Solutions for Precipitation Titrations 4.149
Table 4.46 Indicators for Precipitation Titrations 4.150
Table 4.47 Properties and Applications of Selected Metal Ion Indicators 4.151
Table 4.48 Variation of a4 with pH 4.152
Table 4.49 Formation Constants of EDTA Complexes at 25°C,
Ionic Strength Approaching Zero 4.152
Table 4.50 Cumulative Formation Constants of Ammine Complexes at 20°C,
Ionic Strength 0.1 4.152
Table 4.51 Masking Agents for Various Elements 4.153
Table 4.52 Masking Agents for Anions and Neutral Molecules 4.155
Table 4.53 Common Demasking Agents 4.156
Table 4.54 Amino Acids pI and pKQ Values 4.157
Table 4.55 Tolerances of Volumetric Flasks 4.158
Table 4.56 Pipette Capacity Tolerances 4.158
Table 4.57 Tolerances of Micropipets (Eppendorf) 4.158
Table 4.58 Buret Accuracy Tolerances 4.159
Table 4.59 Factors for Simplified Computation of Volume 4.159
Table 4.60 Cubical Coefficients of Thermal Expansion 4.160
Table 4.61 General Solubility Rules for Inorganic Compounds 4.161
Table 4.62 Concentration of Commonly Used Acids and Bases 4.161
Table 4.63 Standard Stock Solutions 4.162
Table 4.64 TLV Concentration Limits for Gases and Vapors 4.165
Table 4.65 Some Common Reactive and Incompatible Chemicals 4.173
Table 4.66 Chemicals Recommended for Refrigerated Storage 4.179
Table 4.67 Chemicals Which Polymerize or Decompose on
Extended Refrigeration 4.179
4.15 SIEVES AND SCREENS 4.180
Table 4.68 U.S. Standard Sieves 4.180
4.16 THERMOMETRY 4.180
4.16.1 Temperature Measurement 4.180
Table 4.69 Fixed Points in the ITS-90 4.180
Table 4.70 Values of K for Stem Correction of Thermometers 4.182
4.17 THERMOCOUPLES 4.182
Table 4.71 Thermoelectric Values in Millivolts at Fixed Points
for Various Thermocouples 4.184
Table 4.72 Type B Thermocouples: Platinum-30% Rhodium
Alloy vs. Platinum-6% Rhodium Alloy 4.185
Table 4.73 Type E Thermocouples: Nickel-Chromium Alloy vs. Copper-Nickel Alloy 4.186
Table 4.74 Type J Thermocouples: Iron vs. Copper-Nickel Alloy 4.187
Table 4.75 Type K Thermocouples: Nickel-Chromium Alloy vs.
Nickel-Aluminum Alloy 4.188
Table 4.76 Type N Thermocouples: Nickel-14.2% Chromium-1.4%
Silicon Alloy vs. Nickel-4.4% Silicon-0.1% Magnesium Alloy 4.188
Table 4.77 Type R Thermocouples: Platinum-13% Rhodium Alloy vs. Platinum 4.190
Table 4.78 Type S Thermocouples: Platinum-10% Rhodium Alloy vs. Platinum 4.191
Table 4.79 Type T Thermocouples: Copper vs. Copper-Nickel Alloy 4.192
INDEX
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