Volume II of The Handbook of Programming Languages covers four important Imperative Languages: FORTRAN 95, C, Turbo Pascal, and Icon. FORTRAN was the first of the major programming languages; Walt Brainerd, has been active where FORTRAN 77, FORTRAN 90 and, now, FORTRAN 95 are concerned. This volume also features an essay on its history and development of C by its creator, Dennis Ritchie. Computing pioneer Ralph Griswold, the creator of Icon, has contributed a foundation for both the philosophy behind and the use of the language. Ron Cytron writes a unique essay on Intermediate Languages and Series Editor-in-Chief, Peter H. Salus provides a foreword on the development of computer languages. The material about the languages themselves will enable the reader to evaluate which is most suitable for the task at hand. * Walt Brainerd on FORTRAN,* Dennis Ritchie, creator of C,* Steve Summitt's work on programming in C,* Glenn Grotzinger on Turbo Pascal,* Ralph Griswold, creator of Icon.