"From Fanatics to Folk" rejects conventional understandings of Brazilian millenarianism as exceptional and self-defeating. Considering millenarianism over the long sweep of Brazilian history, Patricia R. Pessar shows it to have been both dominant discourse and popular culture - at different times the inspiration for colonial conquest, for backlanders' resistance to a modernizing church and state, and for the nostalgic appropriation of today's elites in pursuit of "traditional" folklore and "authentic" expressions of faith.Pessar focuses on Santa Brigida, a Northeast Brazilian millenarian movement begun in the 1930s. She examines the movement from its founding by Pedro Batista - initially disparaged as a charlatan by the backland elite and later celebrated as a modernizer, patriot, and benefactor - through to the contemporary struggles of its followers to maintain their transgressive religious beliefs in the face of increased attention from politicians, clergy, journalists, filmmakers, researchers, and museum curators.Pessar combines cultural history spanning the colonial period to the present; comparative case studies of the Canudos, Contestado, Juazeiro and Santa Brigida movements; and three decades of ethnographic research in the Brazilian Northeast. Highlighting the broad range of individuals and institutions involved, the cross-fertilization between movements, contestation and accommodation vis-a-vis the church and state, and matters of spirituality and faith, "From Fanatics to Folk" reveals Brazilian millenarianism as long-enduring and constantly in flux.