基 础 篇
第1 章 数据可视化简介 ............................................................................2
1.1 可视化释义 ..................................................................................................2
1.2 可视化简史 .......................................................................................................8
1.3 数据可视化详解 ............................................................................................................23
1.3.1 数据科学的发展 .................................................................................................23
1.3.2 数据可视化的意义 .............................................................................................25
1.3.3 数据可视化分类 .................................................................................................29
1.3.4 数据可视化与其他学科领域的关系 .................................................................38
1.4 数据可视化研究挑战 ....................................................................................................43
参考文献 .........................................................................................................44
第2 章 视觉感知与认知 ..........................................................................47
2.1 视觉感知和认知 ............................................................................................................47
2.1.1 视觉感知和认知的定义 .....................................................................................48
2.1.2 视觉感知处理过程 .............................................................................................48
2.1.3 格式塔理论 .........................................................................................................49
2.2 颜色 ...............................................................................................................................54
2.2.1 颜色刺激理论 .....................................................................................................54
2.2.2 色彩空间 .............................................................................................................58
2.3 视觉编码原则 ................................................................................................................62
2.3.1 相对性和绝对性 .................................................................................................63
2.3.2 标记和视觉通道 .................................................................................................64
2.3.3 视觉通道的概念 .................................................................................................66
2.3.4 视觉通道的特性 .................................................................................................72
参考文献 ..........................................................................................................81
第3 章 数据 ............................................................................................84
3.1 数据释义 ..................................................................................................84
3.1.1 数据基础 .............................................................................................................84
3.1.2 数据科学及过程 .................................................................................................87
3.2 数据获取和预处理 ........................................................................................................91
3.2.1 数据获取 .............................................................................................................91
3.2.2 数据预处理 .........................................................................................................92
3.3 数据组织与管理 ............................................................................................................93
3.3.1 数据清洗与精简 .................................................................................................95
3.3.2 数据整合与集成 .................................................................................................97
3.3.3 数据库 .................................................................................................................99
3.3.4 数据仓库 ...........................................................................................................102
3.4 数据分析与挖掘 ..........................................................................................................103
3.4.1 探索式数据分析 ...............................................................................................105
3.4.2 联机分析处理 ...................................................................................................105
3.4.3 数据挖掘 ...........................................................................................................108
3.5 数据工作流 .......................................................................................................... 113
3.6 数据科学的挑战 .................................................................................................. 116
参考文献 ............................................................................................................... 117
第4 章 数据可视化基础 ........................................................................120
4.1 数据可视化基本框架 ..................................................................................................120
4.1.1 数据可视化流程 ...............................................................................................120
4.1.2 数据可视化设计 ...............................................................................................124
4.2 可视化中的数据 ..........................................................................................................127
4.2.1 数据认知 ...........................................................................................................127
4.2.2 数据类型 ...........................................................................................................127
4.3 可视化的基本图表 ......................................................................................................129
4.3.1 原始数据绘图 ...................................................................................................129
4.3.2 简单统计值标绘 ...............................................................................................134
4.3.3 多视图协调关联 ...............................................................................................135
4.4 可视化设计原则 ..........................................................................................................137
4.4.1 数据到可视化的直观映射 ...............................................................................137
4.4.2 视图选择与交互设计 .......................................................................................139
目录 XIII 
4.4.3 信息密度——数据的筛选 ...............................................................................140
4.4.4 美学因素 ...........................................................................................................141
4.4.5 动画与过渡 .......................................................................................................143
4.4.6 可视化隐喻 .......................................................................................................147
4.4.7 颜色与透明度 ...................................................................................................148
4.5 可视化理论发展 ..........................................................................................................148
4.5.1 图形符号学 .......................................................................................................149
4.5.2 关系数据的图形表示 .......................................................................................150
4.5.3 图形语法 ...........................................................................................................151
4.5.4 基于数据类型的研究 .......................................................................................152
4.5.5 基于数据状态模型的研究 ...............................................................................153
4.5.6 多维关系数据库可视化分析系统 ...................................................................154
参考文献 .........................................................................................................155
时空数据篇
第5 章 空间标量场可视化 .....................................................................158
5.1 一维标量场可视化 ......................................................................................................158
5.2 二维标量场可视化 ......................................................................................................160
5.2.1 颜色映射 ...........................................................................................................161
5.2.2 等值线提取 .......................................................................................................162
5.2.3 高度图 ...............................................................................................................162
5.3 三维标量场数据可视化 ..............................................................................................163
5.3.1 空间数据表达 ...................................................................................................165
5.3.2 空间数据特征计算 ...........................................................................................169
5.3.3 间接体绘制 .......................................................................................................173
5.3.4 规则三维标量场的直接体可视化 ...................................................................178
5.3.5 不规则体数据的体可视化 ...............................................................................201
参考文献 ..................................................................................................212
第6 章 地理信息可视化 ........................................................................220
6.1 地图投影 .........................................................................................221
6.1.1 墨卡托投影 .......................................................................................................221
6.1.2 亚尔勃斯投影 ...................................................................................................223
6.1.3 方位角投影 .......................................................................................................224
6.2 点数据的可视化 ..........................................................................................................225
6.3 线数据的可视化 ..........................................................................................................230
6.4 区域数据的可视化 ......................................................................................................235
6.4.1 Choropleth 地图 ................................................................................................235
6.4.2 Cartogram ..........................................................................................................237
6.4.3 规则形状地图 ...................................................................................................238
6.4.4 多元关系地图 ...................................................................................................239
6.5 地理信息可视化的应用 ..............................................................................................241
6.5.1 地球与生存环境 ...............................................................................................241
6.5.2 城市与日常生活 ...............................................................................................243
6.5.3 地理时空数据 ...................................................................................................246
6.5.4 复杂地理数据的可视分析 ...............................................................................247
6.6 地理信息可视化的其他挑战 ......................................................................................249
6.6.1 地图标注 ...........................................................................................................249
6.6.2 地图综合 ...........................................................................................................249
6.6.3 在线地图 ...........................................................................................................249
参考文献 ................................................................................................250
第7 章 大规模多变量空间数据场可视化 ...............................................253
7.1 大规模空间标量场数据的实时体可视化 ..................................................................254
7.1.1 大规模空间标量场数据的单机绘制 ...............................................................254
7.1.2 大规模空间标量场数据的并行绘制 ...............................................................254
7.1.3 时变空间标量场数据加速绘制方法 ...............................................................255
7.2 时变异构空间数据场的特征追踪与可视化 ..............................................................256
7.2.1 时变空间标量场数据的特征提取 ...................................................................257
7.2.2 异构数据的特征融合 .......................................................................................257
7.2.3 时变空间标量场数据的特征追踪 ...................................................................258
7.3 空间向量场数据可视化 ..............................................................................................260
7.3.1 图标法 ...............................................................................................................261
7.3.2 几何法 ...............................................................................................................263
7.3.3 纹理法 ...............................................................................................................268
7.3.4 拓扑法 ..............................................................................................................271
7.4 空间张量场数据可视化 ..............................................................................................273
7.4.1 张量场的数学描述 ...........................................................................................274
7.4.2 基于几何的方法 ...............................................................................................277
7.4.3 基于纹理的方法 ...............................................................................................280
7.4.4 基于拓扑的方法 ...............................................................................................283
7.4.5 高阶张量场可视化 ...........................................................................................285
7.5 多变量空间数据场可视化 ..........................................................................................287
7.5.1 多变量空间数据场的数据分析与表达 ...........................................................288
7.5.2 多变量空间数据场的可视化与交互 ...............................................................289
参考文献 ............................................................................................................292
第8 章 时变数据可视化 ........................................................................302
8.1 时间属性的可视化 ......................................................................................................304
8.1.1 线性和周期时间可视化 ...................................................................................304
8.1.2 日历时间可视化 ...............................................................................................307
8.1.3 分支和多角度时间可视化 ...............................................................................309
8.1.4 时间属性的动态可视化 ...................................................................................313
8.2 多变量时变型数据可视化 ..........................................................................................314
8.2.1 基于线表示的可视化 .......................................................................................314
8.2.2 基于图结构的可视化 .......................................................................................317
8.2.3 时间序列数据的可视化交互 ...........................................................................318
8.3 流数据可视化 .................................................................................319
8.3.1 流数据可视化模型 ...........................................................................................320
8.3.2 流数据处理技术 ...............................................................................................321
8.3.3 流数据可视化案例 ...........................................................................................324
8.3.4 并行流计算框架 ...............................................................................................329
参考文献 ..................................................................................................331
非时空数据篇
第9 章 层次和网络数据可视化 ..............................................................336
9.1 层次数据 ...............................................................................................336
9.1.1 层次数据的可视化 ...........................................................................................339
9.1.2 节点- 链接法 ...................................................................................................340
9.1.3 空间填充法 .......................................................................................................346
9.1.4 其他方法 ...........................................................................................................351
9.2 网络数据 .......................................................................................353
9.2.1 网络和图 ...........................................................................................................353
9.2.2 网络数据可视化 ...............................................................................................354
9.2.3 网络数据的地图隐喻可视化 ...........................................................................365
9.2.4 超图及其可视化 ...............................................................................................368
9.2.5 动态网络数据可视化 .......................................................................................371
9.2.6 图可视化的视觉效果 .......................................................................................372
9.2.7 图可视化中的交互 ...........................................................................................378
9.2.8 网络数据可视化的挑战 ...................................................................................380
参考文献 ...................................................................................................381
第10 章 文本和文档可视化 ...................................................................387
10.1 文本可视化释义 ........................................................................................................387
10.1.1 文本信息的层级 .............................................................................................387
10.1.2 文本可视化的研究内容 .................................................................................388
10.1.3 文本可视化流程 .............................................................................................388
10.2 文本信息分析基础 ....................................................................................................390
10.2.1 分词技术和词干提取 .....................................................................................390
10.2.2 向量空间模型 .................................................................................................390
10.2.3 主题抽取 .........................................................................................................392
10.3 文本内容可视化 ........................................................................................................393
10.3.1 基于关键词的文本内容可视化 .....................................................................393
10.3.2 时序性的文本内容可视化 .............................................................................397
10.3.3 文本特征的分布模式可视化 .........................................................................400
10.3.4 情感分析可视化 .............................................................................................403
10.3.5 文档信息检索可视化 .....................................................................................405
10.3.6 软件可视化 .....................................................................................................406
10.4 文本关系可视化 ........................................................................................................408
10.4.1 基于图的文本关系可视化 .............................................................................408
10.4.2 文档集合关系可视化 .....................................................................................409
10.5 文本多层面信息的可视表达 ....................................................................................413
10.6 总结 ....................................................................................................415
参考文献 .................................................................................................415
第11 章 跨媒体数据可视化 ...................................................................418
11.1 图像 ...............................................................................................418
11.1.1 图像网格 .........................................................................................................418
11.1.2 时空采样 .........................................................................................................419
11.1.3 基于相似性的图像集可视化 .........................................................................420
11.1.4 基于海塞图的社交图像可视化 .....................................................................422
11.2 视频 ..................................................................................................422
11.2.1 视频概要可视化 .............................................................................................423
11.2.2 视频立方 .........................................................................................................424
11.2.3 视频可视摘要 .................................................................................................426
11.3 声音与音乐 ................................................................................................................427
11.3.1 声乐波形可视化 .............................................................................................429
11.3.2 声乐结构的可视化 .........................................................................................429
11.4 超媒体 ..........................................................................................432
11.4.1 微博可视化 .....................................................................................................434
11.4.2 社交网络可视化 .............................................................................................441
11.4.3 数字生活可视化 .............................................................................................450
参考文献 ................................................................................................453
第12 章 复杂高维多元数据的可视化 ....................................................456
12.1 高维多元数据 ............................................................................................................457
12.1.1 空间映射法 .....................................................................................................458
12.1.2 图标法 .............................................................................................................467
12.1.3 基于像素图的方法 .........................................................................................469
12.2 非结构化与异构数据的可视化 ................................................................................472
12.2.1 非结构化数据 .................................................................................................472
12.2.2 异构数据 .........................................................................................................474
12.3 大尺度数据的可视化 ................................................................................................477
12.3.1 基于并行的大尺度数据高分辨率可视化 .....................................................477
12.3.2 大尺度数据的分而治之可视化与分析 .........................................................480
12.4 数据不确定性的可视化 ............................................................................................483
12.4.1 不确定性的基本定义 .....................................................................................484
12.4.2 不确定性的来源 .............................................................................................484
12.4.3 不确定性的可视化方法 .................................................................................485
参考文献 ..............................................................................................498
用 户 篇
第13 章 可视化中的交互 ......................................................................504
13.1 交互准则 ............................................................................................505
13.1.1 交互延时 .........................................................................................................505
13.1.2 交互成本 .........................................................................................................507
13.1.3 交互场景变化 .................................................................................................508
13.2 交互分类 ..........................................................................................509
13.2.1 按低阶交互操作分类 .....................................................................................509
13.2.2 按交互操作符与空间分类 .............................................................................510
13.2.3 按交互任务分类 .............................................................................................510
13.3 交互技术 .................................................................................................. 511
13.3.1 选择 ................................................................................................................. 511
13.3.2 导航 .................................................................................................................512
13.3.3 重配 .................................................................................................................514
13.3.4 编码 .................................................................................................................515
13.3.5 抽象/ 具象 ......................................................................................................515
13.3.6 过滤 .................................................................................................................516
13.3.7 关联 .................................................................................................................519
13.3.8 概览+ 细节 ....................................................................................................520
13.3.9 焦点+ 上下文 ................................................................................................522
13.4 交互与硬件设备 ........................................................................................................532
13.4.1 交互环境 .........................................................................................................532
13.4.2 交互设备 .........................................................................................................534
参考文献 ..................................................................................................537
第14 章 可视化评测 ..............................................................................543
14.1 评测流程 ........................................................................................544
14.2 影响评测效度的因素 ................................................................................................545
14.2.1 参与用户 .........................................................................................................545
14.2.2 测试任务 .........................................................................................................546
14.2.3 数据类型 .........................................................................................................547
14.2.4 评测指标 .........................................................................................................549
14.3 评测方法 ............................................................................................550
14.4 评测实例分析 ............................................................................................................551
14.5 总结 .............................................................................................558
参考文献 .......................................................................................................558
第15 章 面向领域的数据可视化 ............................................................560
15.1 高性能科学计算 ........................................................................................................560
15.1.1 高性能科学可视化的挑战 .............................................................................561
15.1.2 重要信息的提取和显示 .................................................................................564
15.1.3 原位可视化 .....................................................................................................566
15.1.4 未来挑战 .........................................................................................................568
15.2 生命科学 .........................................................................................569
15.2.1 临床医学影像 .................................................................................................569
15.2.2 其他影像 .........................................................................................................574
15.2.3 电生理信号 .....................................................................................................576
15.2.4 OMICS 组学 ...................................................................................................580
15.3 其他科学与艺术 ........................................................................................................584
15.3.1 气候学与气象中的可视化 .............................................................................584
15.3.2 面向艺术的表意性可视化 .............................................................................587
15.4 网络与系统安全的可视化 ........................................................................................591
15.4.1 基于可视变换的虫洞攻击可视化 .................................................................591
15.4.2 可信计算的可视化 .........................................................................................592
15.4.3 安全日志数据的可视化 .................................................................................593
15.5 商业智能可视化 ........................................................................................................593
15.5.1 商业智能 .........................................................................................................593
15.5.2 商业智能中的数据可视化 .............................................................................594
15.5.3 未来趋势 .........................................................................................................599
15.6 金融数据可视化 ........................................................................................................599
15.6.1 金融可视化图表元素 .....................................................................................599
15.6.2 金融数据可视分析 .........................................................................................602
参考文献 ..................................................................................................605
第16 章 可视化研究与开发资源 ............................................................ 611
16.1 可视化软件 ................................................................................................... 611
16.1.1 医学可视化软件 ............................................................................................. 611
16.1.2 科学可视化软件 .............................................................................................614
16.1.3 信息可视化软件 .............................................................................................617
16.1.4 可视分析软件 .................................................................................................622
16.2 可视化开发工具 ........................................................................................................623
16.2.1 应用程序开发工具 .........................................................................................623
16.2.2 Web 应用开发工具.........................................................................................626
16.3 数据分析和数据挖掘软件与开发工具 ....................................................................627
16.4 可视化数据集资源 ....................................................................................................629
16.5 可视化信息资源 ........................................................................................................630
16.6 可视化研究机构 ........................................................................................................631
16.6.1 大陆可视化科研机构 .....................................................................................631
16.6.2 海外可视化科研机构 .....................................................................................632
· · · · · · (收起)