Galaxies and How to Observe Them

Galaxies and How to Observe Them pdf epub mobi txt 电子书 下载 2026

出版者:Springer
作者:Wolfgang Steinicke
出品人:
页数:248
译者:
出版时间:2006-12-12
价格:USD 32.95
装帧:Paperback
isbn号码:9781852337520
丛书系列:Astronomer's Observing Guides
图书标签:
  • 天文学
  • 星系
  • 观测
  • 宇宙
  • 深空
  • 望远镜
  • 星空
  • 业余天文
  • 天体摄影
  • 宇宙学
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具体描述

This book is a unique work satisfying the need for a modern, comprehensive review of all major aspects of galaxy observation. The book combines the physical background on the nature and data of galaxies, the relevant instrumentation and viewing techniques, and finally the targets and their individual appearance in telescopes of various apertures. A comprehensive sample of galaxies, including quasars, groups and clusters of galaxies is presented. This combination of theoretical knowledge and practical information guarantees successful observing sessions. Furthermore, the book is clearly structured with outstanding images and graphics.

穿越时空的星际漫游:探索宇宙的奥秘 本书将带领读者踏上一场跨越时间和空间的壮丽旅程,深入探索我们所处的浩瀚宇宙。我们不会局限于单一的观测视角,而是力求从多个维度,以一种既严谨又充满人文关怀的方式,揭示宇宙的起源、演化及其蕴含的深刻哲理。 第一部分:宇宙的黎明——从奇点到星系的诞生 我们将从宇宙最深处的秘密——大爆炸理论——开始我们的探索。这不是一个冰冷的物理学概念,而是一个关于“一切如何开始”的宏大叙事。我们会详细回顾早期宇宙的极端条件,探讨暴胀理论如何塑造了我们今天所见的结构,以及宇宙微波背景辐射(CMB)如何成为我们回溯到38万年前的“婴儿照片”。 随后,我们将进入“黑暗时代”——一个没有恒星的漫长时期。在这个阶段,引力开始发挥主导作用,氢和氦的原始气体云在无形的力量下汇聚。我们聚焦于原星系云的引力不稳定性,解释这些最初的物质团块是如何塌缩,并最终点燃了宇宙中第一批恒星的核聚变之火。这些“第一代恒星”(Population III stars)的诞生,是宇宙历史上的一个关键转折点,它们制造了早期宇宙急需的重元素,为后续所有复杂结构的形成奠定了物质基础。 我们会详细剖析星系形成的结构化路径。从最初的微小密度涨落,到通过分层合并(Hierarchical Merging)形成今天我们所见到的各种形态——旋涡星系、椭圆星系和不规则星系。这部分内容会涉及暗物质和暗能量在塑造宇宙大尺度结构中的不可或缺的作用,解释为什么我们观察到的星系分布并非随机,而是遵循着宇宙网(Cosmic Web)的精妙结构。 第二部分:恒星的生命与死亡——宇宙的炼金术 恒星是宇宙的工厂和生命的熔炉。本部分将深入剖析恒星从诞生到消亡的完整生命周期。 我们将详细介绍主序星的平衡:核聚变产生的向外压力与自身引力向内的拉扯之间的微妙平衡。通过研究不同质量恒星的演化路径,读者将了解为什么质量决定了恒星的寿命和最终的命运。 对于大质量恒星,我们将探讨它们如何通过核聚变链式反应,将氢转化为氦,再转化为碳、氧,直至最终合成铁元素。铁元素的出现标志着恒星生命的终结,因为铁核的聚变不再释放能量。接下来的章节将聚焦于壮观的超新星爆发——恒星生命终结时的宇宙烟火。我们会详细描述II型超新星和Ia型超新星的机制,以及它们在银河系乃至整个宇宙中散射重元素(如金、银、铀等)的过程。这些元素,正是构成行星、生命,乃至我们身体的基石。 此外,我们不会忽视恒星遗迹的神秘世界。读者将深入了解白矮星的电子简并压力、中子星令人难以置信的密度,以及如何通过观测脉冲星的精准计时来探索时空弯曲的极端环境。 第三部分:银河系的内部构造与我们自身的位置 我们将把视线聚焦到我们所在的宏大结构——银河系。本书将提供一个三维的银河系地图学。我们会探讨银河系的结构组成:中央的核球(Bulge)、扁平的银盘(Disk,包含旋臂)、稀疏的银晕(Halo),以及它们各自包含的恒星种群(Population I, II, III)。 本部分的关键在于理解银河系动力学。我们会分析恒星和气体是如何围绕银心高速旋转,并解释如何通过多普勒效应和视差测量来推算这些天体的速度和距离。特别地,我们将深入研究银河系中心的超大质量黑洞——人马座A(Sagittarius A)的证据链,从对周围恒星轨道的观测,到对吸积盘发出的高能辐射的捕捉。 我们还会讨论本地星际介质(ISM),即星系内部的尘埃和气体云。这些介质不仅是恒星和行星的原材料库,也是我们理解化学演化和星际有机分子合成的关键。 第四部分:星系群与宇宙学前沿 我们的银河系并非孤立存在,而是隶属于一个更大的结构——本星系群(Local Group),而本星系群又是室女座超星系团的一部分。我们将系统地考察星系团的物理学,包括星系团中的气体(星系团介质,ICM)的性质、星系间的相互作用(如潮汐力、星系并购)对星系形态演化的影响。 在宇宙学的最前沿,本书将探讨宇宙的膨胀——哈勃定律及其背后的物理意义。我们会详细介绍测量宇宙距离的“标准烛光”概念,从造父变星到Ia型超新星,以及它们如何帮助我们建立起宇宙的距离阶梯。 最后,我们将转向当前宇宙学最大的谜团:暗能量。通过分析遥远超新星的光度曲线,我们可以推断出宇宙的膨胀正在加速,这种未知的驱动力——暗能量——将是决定宇宙最终命运的关键。本书将综合当前的主流宇宙学模型(如Lambda-CDM模型),展望未来几十年内,新的观测技术将如何帮助我们进一步解开宇宙结构和命运的终极奥秘。 全书旨在激发读者对宇宙的敬畏之心,理解人类在宏大尺度下的渺小与我们求知欲的强大。我们将以一种不预设读者拥有深厚物理背景的方式,构建起从微观的恒星炼金术到宏观的宇宙结构演化的完整知识体系。

作者简介

Wolfgang Steinicke: www.klima-luft.de/steinicke amastro: deep sky observation mailing list (US) I've been a visual observer since I was 10. I started early to collect literature and data on various deep-sky objects (Messier, NGC, and IC), especially galaxies. My preference for science led me to study physics and mathematics in Aachen and Freiburg, Germany, later specialising in relativistic astrophysics and general relativity. Since 1976 I'm a member of several astronomical organisations. In 1984 an amateur observatory was build on the Schauinsland near Freiburg at 1250 m. With its 14-inch Schmidt-Cassegrain, and now complimented with a 20" Dobsonian, I have observed a wide variety of deep sky objects including galaxies, quasars and groups of galaxies. I have also published observing catalogues of the latter classes ("Catalogue of Bright Quasars and BL Lacertae Objects" and "Catalogue of Galaxy Groups"). My long-term interest in deep sky data led to the compilation of the "Revised New General and Index Catalogue", first published in 1996. At present I'm a staff member of the "Institute for the History of Science" at Hamburg University, Fellow of the "Royal Astronomical Society" (F.R.A.S.), council member of the "Webb Deep Sky Society" (and director of the "Nebulae & Cluster" section), core team member of the international "NGC/IC Project", head of the section "Geschichte der Astronomy" of the German "Vereinigung der Sternfreunde" (being also their vice-president), member of the "Arbeitskreis Astronomiegeschichte" of the "Astronomische Gesellschaft", editor of the "Journal fur Astronomie", and editorial staff member of the magazine "Interstellarum". I'm author of many papers in German and international magazines, of the "Praxishandbuch Deep Sky" (Kosmos) and the monograph "Extragalactic Objects Discovered as Variable Stars" (published by the Webb Deep Sky Society).

Rich Jakiel: My interest in astronomy dates back to my youth in the 1960's, as I had a keen interest in the race to the Moon. Under the dark skies of Western New York, I started out by learning the constellations and using my father's binoculars to find the brighter Messier objects. In 1974, I bought my first real telescope -- a 4 A -inch reflector and soon I was hunting down all the Messier list and brighter NGC objects. In 1978, I purchased an 8-inch homebuilt telescope that I used to study the structure of bright galaxies such as M51, plus it allowed for detailed study of the planets. In 1987, I had moved to Atlanta, GA. to take a teaching position. After joining the local astronomy club, I soon had access to much larger and more sophisticated telescopes than what I had in New York. Using the AAC's 20 and 24-inch telescopes, plus my own 17.5-inch Dobsonian, I greatly expanded the range and depth of my observing programs. Currently I have observed well over 5000 galaxies, and I specialise in the visual study of unusual/peculiar, interacting and active galaxies. I have sketched nearly 1200 galaxies, and in 1996 was presented the Webb Society's Graphics Award for my work. I have given numerous presentations and workshops on Drawing at the Eyepiece for many regional and national star parties. Presently, I am a research scientist working for The State of Georgia's Radiation Protection Program. Over the past twenty years, I have contributed over 50 astronomy articles to magazines and journals that include Sky & Telescope, Astronomy, Deep Sky Observer (DSO), The Strolling Astronomer (ALPO), Astronomie Heute, Magellan, Amateur Astronomy, plus numerous descriptions and drawings for the Night Observer's Guide. I have taught astronomy and physics at the University of West Georgia (1997-2002), and I am currently the director of the Webb Society's Galaxy Section. I am also a member of the Association of Lunar and Planetary Observers (ALPO), the Astronomical League (AL),

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