Applied Anthropology

出版者:Addison-Wesley

作者:Ervin, Alexander M.

页数:304

出版时间:2004-6

价格:$ 91.08

装帧:Pap

isbn号码:9780205414093

具体描述

The most up-to-date and accessible text on the subject, Applied Anthropology provides the skills, perspectives, and methodologies needed when working in today's communities and organizations. An invaluable resource, this practical book answers the question, "What can I do with a degree in Anthropology?" In addition to a focus on method, this book provides a solid foundation in the history, activities, and ethical concerns of applied anthropology. The book stresses decision-making and the need to understand policy through anthropological analysis. Because an anthropologist must communicate effectively with the general "non-anthropological" public, the text employs an accessible, jargon-free writing style. More than twenty case studies plus many "real-world" examples of anthropological practice reinforce the usefulness of anthropology in the real world. New material includes a summary of Elizabeth Guillette's research, a case study summarizing the work of Kendall Thu on intensive livestock operations, an analysis of Rapid Assessment Procedures and a summarization of the work and ideas of Robert Chambers.

目录信息

Preface.
I. INTRODUCTION.
1. Orientations to an Anthropology of Policy and Practice.
Types of Anthropology.
How Does Applied Anthropology Relate to Anthropological Theory?
Some Challenges.
2. A Brief History of Applied Anthropology.
Nineteenth-Century Beginnings.
Applied Anthropology between the World Wars.
World War II and Its Aftermath.
Academic Applied Anthropology and Consulting for Development, 1950-1970.
Applied Anthropology in Canada.
The Emergence of the “New Applied Anthropology” of Policy and Practice: 1970 to the Present.
Other National Traditions of Practice.
3. Ethics in Applied Research and Practice.
The Host Community.
The Client.
The Profession of Anthropology.
The General Public.
Professional Codes of Ethics for Research and Practice.
Informed Consent.
The “Clinical” Model of Informed Consent.
Confidentiality and Personal Rights to Privacy.
Dissemination of Knowledge.
Special Concerns and Dilemmas for Practicing Anthropologists.
Summary: Collaboration and Collegiality in Ethical Consultation.
II. POLICY ANALYSIS AND PRACTICE.
4. What Is Policy and How Does It Relate to Anthropology?
The Many Meanings and Contexts of Policy.
Policy as a Process.
The Significance of Anthropology for Policy.
The Domains of Policy Activities within Anthropology.
Some Roles Taken by Anthropologists in Policy Analysis and Practice.
Some Anthropological Stages of Policy Engagement.
5. Strengths, Weaknesses, and Future Directions in Policy Analysis and Practice.
Case Study of Policy Research and Action: The Comadrona Project.
Anthropological Assets for Policy Analysis and Practice.
Some Barriers “Putting People First” in Policy.
Case Study: An Anthropological Difference in Policy Illustrated through the International Potato Center.
6. Needs Assessment.
What Do We Mean by Needs?
Purposes and Expectations of Needs Assessments.
Models or Types of Needs Assessments.
Methods and Sources of Data for Needs Assessments.
Developing the Right Strategies for Needs Assessments.
Case Study: The Saskatoon Needs Assessment Project.
7. Program Evaluation.
Program Evaluation in the Policy Cycle.
Methodological Considerations: An Emphasis on Measurement in Quantitative Approaches.
Qualitative Approaches.
The Growth of Qualitative Methodologies.
Approaches to Program Evaluation.
Some General Considerations.
Case Study: An Anthropological Evaluation of an American Government Agency.
Case Study: Mexican American Strawberry Co-Op in California.
Case Study: Helping to Enhance Self-Evaluations.
Other Examples of Anthropological Program Evaluations.
8. Social Impact Assessment.
Case Study: The Construction of a “Science” Town in the Canadian Arctic.
The Stages of Social Impact Assessment.
Ethnography and the Ecological Perspective in Social Impact Assessment.
Challenges and Controversies.
9. Some Recent Trends in the Application of Environmental Anthropology.
Disasters and Involuntary Migration.
Environmental Risk Assessment.
Case Study: Anthropology and Ground-Water Contamination.
Case Study: Nuclear Wastes and Risk Assessment.
Political Ecology, the Environment, and Human Rights Advocacy.
Case Study: Uranium Mining on American Indian Reservations.
Case Study: Pesticide Bans and Impacts upon Yaqui Children.
10. Advocacy Anthropology.
“The Truth, Yet Not Necessarily the Whole Truth.”
The Case against Anthropological Advocacy.
Response to the Criticism: The Pro-Advocacy and Anthropology Case.
Research and Technical Writing: An Advocacy Role for Practicing Anthropologists.
Case Study: Anthropology in Court.
Case Study: The Bottle-Formula Controversy.
Lessons from the Nestlé Boycott.
Advocacy for Individuals.
Case Study: Anthropology and Intensive Livestock Operations.
III. METHODS FOR APPLIED RESEARCH.
11. Ethnography: Participant Observation and Key-Informant Interviewing.
Ethnography and Participant Observation.
Key-Informant Interviews.
12. Focus Groups and Other Group-Interviewing Techniques.
Focus Groups.
Nominal Groups.
Delphi Groups or Conferences.
Appendix: Sample Results from a Delphi Conference Held with Service Providers to Immigrants in Saskatchewan.
13. Quantification through Social Indicators and Questionnaires.
Triangulation.
Social Indicators.
Case Study: Anthropological Improvisation Using Indicators.
Survey Questionnaires.
Elements of Questionnaire Design and Administration.
Case Study: Attitudes on Needle Transfer among Injecting Drug Users in Ohio.
Case Study: Programs for Inmates.
14. Rapid Assessment Procedures (RAPs).
The Problem: Policy Makers in a Hurry, Anthropologists Taking Their Time.
What Is Meant by Rapid Assessment.
The Field Manual Approach to RAP: An Example from the Health Field.
Rapid Assessment in Agricultural Development.
Some Cautions and Criteria for Effective RAPs.
Essentials of the Rapid Assessment Process.
Improvisation on the Field Manual Approach.
15. Participatory Research.
Participatory Rural Assessment (PRA).
Participatory Action Research (PAR).
Challenges of Participatory Action Research.
Case Study: Language and Heritage Research in the Northwest Territories.
Case Study: Work with a Blind and Visually Impaired Group on the Topic of Informational Needs.
IV. CONCLUSIONS.
16. Some Principles for More Effective Practice.
Keeping a Policy Focus.
Consulting with Stakeholders.
Communicating Effectively.
Advocacy.
Maintaining a Wide Range of Skills and Upgrading Them.
Maintaining Professionalism and a Sense of Social Responsibility in Ethical Practice.
Emphases on Team and Multidisciplinary Work, Establishing Networks, and Submerging Egos.
17. Becoming a Professional.
Skills and Aptitudes for Practice.
Some Basic Steps toward Getting a Job.
Appendix: Some Course Assignments for Applied Anthropology
Bibliography.
Name Index.
Subject Index.
· · · · · · (收起)

用户评价

从技术层面上讲，这本书的结构设计堪称精巧，简直是一件复杂的机械艺术品。作者采用了多重时间线叙事和第一人称视角频繁切换的技巧，将原本可能线性发展的事件编织成了一张密不透风的网。一开始阅读时，我感到有些迷失，那些跳跃的时间点和声音各异的叙述者，像是一堆散乱的碎片，需要极大的专注力才能将其拼凑起来。但一旦适应了这种节奏，你会发现每一个碎片都有其不可替代的位置，它们相互折射，共同揭示出一个更大的真相。这种叙事上的“不友好”，恰恰是作者故意为之，目的是让读者体会到角色们在信息碎片化环境下的困惑与无力感。这种实验性的手法，虽然可能让一些追求轻松阅读体验的读者望而却步，但对于喜爱挑战智力极限的读者来说，无疑是一场盛宴。我尤其佩服作者在如此复杂的结构下，依然能保持语言的流畅和意象的统一，这绝非易事，需要极高的把控力。

这本书带来的情感冲击力是压倒性的，它不是那种让你看完后觉得“哦，挺有意思”的读物，而是能直接击穿你的情感防线，让你在某个瞬间感到心口被猛地揪紧。我很少为虚构人物流下真实的眼泪，但这本书中的某几个关键场景，让我彻底失控了。那些关于失去、关于救赎的描写，没有使用任何煽情的词汇，却以一种近乎冷静的笔调，将最深沉的痛苦刻画得淋漓尽致。我感觉自己仿佛真的站在那些角色身边，切实体会着他们的绝望与微弱的希望之火。这本书的成功之处在于，它没有试图教育读者什么，而是纯粹地呈现了情感的本真面貌。它让你感受，让你代入，让你在阅读过程中经历一场完整的情感过山车。读完后，我的嗓子是哑的，眼睛是肿的，这本该是一次愉快的阅读体验，结果却像经历了一场小型的情感风暴，耗尽了我所有的力气，但同时，也留下了一种难以言喻的净化感。

我必须承认，这本书的想象力简直是天马行空，它构建的世界观宏大而细致，充满了令人惊叹的原创性。作者似乎拥有一个取之不尽的灵感源泉，他将各种看似毫不相关的元素——古典神话、尖端物理学、异域部落的习俗——巧妙地熔铸在一起，形成了一个独一无二的科幻/奇幻融合体。书中描绘的那些从未见过的生物、那些基于全新物理定律运行的城市，都强烈地刺激着我的视觉神经。我常常需要停下来，在脑海中努力勾勒出那些奇特场景的具体形态，那种沉浸式的体验是无与伦比的。当然，构建如此复杂的系统也带来了一个小小的副作用：信息密度过大，初次接触时会有些难以消化。有些设定的解释略显仓促，让人感觉像是被一股脑地塞进了这个世界，没有足够的时间去适应环境。但总的来说，这种大胆的创新精神是值得称赞的，它拓宽了我对“可能性”的认知边界，让我开始思考我们所处的现实世界是否也只是无数可能中的一个投影。这本书绝对是献给所有渴望逃离平庸、拥抱无限创意的读者的佳作。

这本小说最让我感到震撼的是它对人性复杂性的深刻挖掘，那种近乎残酷的真实感，让人在阅读时不得不停下来，反思自己内心的阴暗角落。作者毫不避讳地展示了人物在极端压力下的选择和挣扎，没有绝对的好人与坏人，只有在特定情境下做出不同反应的生命个体。我特别欣赏作者在处理道德困境时的那种游刃有余，他没有给出简单的答案，而是将所有可能性都摆在读者面前，让每个人都成为这场道德审判的参与者。尤其是主角面对背叛时的那种隐忍与爆发，那种情绪的层次感，简直可以用“教科书级别”来形容。我能清晰地感受到他每一次呼吸、每一次犹豫背后的重量。文字的密度非常高，信息量巨大，我甚至需要时不时地回顾前几页，以确保没有遗漏任何一个关键的细节，因为哪怕是最微小的暗示，都可能在后文引发巨大的连锁反应。这本书的后劲非常足，合上书本后，故事的余韵久久不能散去，我甚至对着窗外发呆了很久，试图在现实世界中寻找书中那些道德模糊的影子。

这本书的叙事节奏简直让人抓狂，故事情节的推进慢得像蜗牛在爬行，每一个转折点都像是被刻意拉长，生怕读者能提前猜到接下来会发生什么。我真想把笔扔到一边，直接去看结局，但又抱着一丝不甘心，期待着作者能突然爆发，展现出惊人的笔力。然而，这种期待最终化为泡影，整本书读下来，感觉就像是经历了一场漫长的、没有高潮的旅程。角色的塑造也显得扁平化，他们的动机模糊不清，行动逻辑也常常让我摸不着头脑。我努力试图理解他们的内心世界，但每一次靠近，都像是撞上了一堵看不见的墙。作者似乎更热衷于描绘环境的细节，那些冗长而繁复的风景描写，虽然文字功底不俗，但对于推动剧情来说，却显得有些多余和累赘。我承认，某些段落的文学性是值得称赞的，但如果一部小说，让读者时刻都在质疑“所以呢？”那么，再华丽的辞藻也难以挽救其叙事上的疲软。我花了整整一周的时间才啃完，过程中的煎熬，恐怕只有同样耐心的读者才能体会。