Preface
CHAPTER 1. Survival machines for memes
1.1 Introducing memes 5
1.2 Five translation supermemes 7
1.3 The locus of memes 14
1.4 A Popperian meme 16
CHAPTER 2. The evolution of translation memes 19
2.1 Words 20
2.2 The Word of God 21
2.3 Rhetoric 23
2.4 Logos 26
2.5 Linguistic science 30
2.6 Communication 33
2.7 Target 36
2.8 Cognition 40
2.9 Theory in the current meme-pool 42
2.10 What next? 46
2.11 Review 48
CHAPTER 3. From memes to norms 51
3.1 Normative vs. prescriptive 52
3.2 Norm theory 54
3.3 Norms of language 57
3.4 What counts as a translation? 59
3.5 Translation norms 63
3.6 General translation laws and normative laws 70
3.7 Norms as constraints 78
3.8 On expectancy norms in English 81
3.9 Implications 84
CHAPTER 4. Translation strategies 87
4.1 General characteristics of strategies 87
4.2 A classification 92
4.3 Motivation 113
CHAPTER 5. Translation as theory 117
5.1 Tentative Theory, Error Elimination and translational competence 117
5.2 Retrospective assessment 123
5.3 Prospective assessment 128
5.4 Lateral assessment 133
5.5 Introspective assessment 136
5.6 Pedagogical assessment 138
5.7 Mind the gap! 142
CHAPTER 6. The development of translational competence 147
6.1 Stages of expertise 147
6.2 The significance of memes 150
6.3 Teaching strategies 152
6.4 Ontogenetic = phylogenetic? 159
6.5 Bootstraps 165
CHAPTER 7. On translation ethics 169
7.1 Background issues 169
7.2 Norms, values and actions 172
7.3 Clarity 175
7.4 Truth 178
7.5 Trust 180
7.6 Understanding 183
7.7 The Translator's Charter 187
7.8 Emancipatory translation 189
Epilogue 195
Appendix 197
References 201
Author index 213
Subject index 217
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