This 2003 book contains eight expository articles by well-known authors of the theory of Galois groups and fundamental groups. They focus on presenting developments, avoiding classical aspects which have already been described at length in the standard literature. The volume grew from the special semester held at the MSRI in Berkeley in 1999 and many of the results are due to work accomplished during that program. Among the subjects covered are elliptic surfaces, Grothendieck's anabelian conjecture, fundamental groups of curves and differential Galois theory in positive characteristic. Although the articles contain fresh results, the authors have striven to make them as introductory as possible, making them accessible to graduate students as well as researchers in algebraic geometry and number theory. The volume also contains a lengthy overview by Leila Schneps that sets the individual articles into the broader context of contemporary research in Galois groups.