Transport Modeling for Environmental Engineers and Scientists

出版者:Wiley

作者:Clark, Mark M.

页数:664

出版时间:2009.Sept

价格:125

装帧:Hardcover

isbn号码:9780470260722

具体描述

Transport Modeling for Environmental Engineers and Scientists, Second Edition, builds on integrated transport courses in chemical engineering curricula, demonstrating the underlying unity of mass and momentum transport processes. It describes how these processes underlie the mechanics common to both pollutant transport and pollution control processes.

作者简介

Mark M. Clark, PhD, was Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering at the University of Illinois for over twenty years, and is currently Clinical Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering at Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois.

目录信息

Preface.
Acknowledgments.
List of Symbols.
1 Conservation Laws and Continua.
1.1. Introduction.
1.2. Conservation Laws: Systems Approach.
1.3. Conservation Laws: Control Volume Approach.
1.4. Conservation Laws: Differential Element Approach.
1.5. Continua.
1.6. Sources, Sinks, Reactions, and Box Models.
1.7. Summary.
Exercises.
References.
Bibliography.
2 Low-Concentration Particle Suspensions and Flows.
2.1. Introduction.
2.2. Drag on a Sphere.
2.3. Drag Force on Nonspherical Particles.
2.4. Low Reynolds Number Particle Dynamics and Stokes’ Law.
2.5. Particle Motions in Electric Fields.
2.6. Quiescent and Perfect-Mix Batch Sedimentation.
2.7. Continuous Sedimentation Processes.
2.8. Inertial Forces on Particles and Stopping Distance.
2.9. Inertial Forces in Particle Flows.
2.10. Rotating Flows.
2.11. Centrifugation.
2.12. Summary.
Exercises.
References.
Bibliography.
3 Interactions of Small Charged Particles.
3.1. Introduction.
3.2. Importance of Surface.
3.3. Acquisition of Surface Charge.
3.4. Particle Size, Shape, and Polydispersity.
3.5. The Double Layer and Colloidal Stability.
3.6. The Schulze-Hardy Rule.
3.7. Electrophoresis and Zeta Potential.
3.8. Particle Collision and Fast Coagulation.
3.9. Slow Coagulation.
3.10. Summary.
Exercises.
References.
Bibliography.
4 Adsorption, Partitioning, and Interfaces.
4.1. Introduction.
4.2. Accumulation of Solutes at Interfaces.
4.3. Adsorption at Solid-Liquid and Solid-Gas Interfaces.
4.4. Adsorption Isotherms.
4.5. Linear Equilibrium Partitioning Between Two Phases.
4.6. Partitioning and Separation in Flow Systems.
4.7. Summary.
Exercises.
References.
Bibliography.
5 Basic Fluid Mechanics of Environmental Transport.
5.1. Introduction.
5.2. The Joy of Fluid Mechanics.
5.3. The Navier-Stokes Equations.
5.4. Fluid Statics and the Buoyancy Force.
5.5. Capillarity and Interfacial Tension.
5.6. The Modified Pressure and Free-Surface Flows.
5.7. Steady Unidirectional Circular Streamline Flows.
5.8. Fluid Shear Stresses and the Viscosity of Newtonian Fluids.
5.9. Slip Flow.
5.10. Field-Flow Fractionation.
5.11. Nonsteady Unidirectional Flows: Stokes' First Problem.
5.12. Low Reynolds Number Flows.
5.13. Ideal Fluids, Potential Flows, and Stream Functions.
5.14. The Bernoulli Equation.
5.15. Steady Viscous Momentum Boundary Layers.
5.16. Turbulent Flows.
5.17. Summary.
Exercises.
References.
Bibliography.
6 Diffusive Mass Transport.
6.1. Introduction.
6.2. Thermodynamics of Diffusion.
6.3. Fick’s First Law and General Diffusive Transport.
6.4. The Diffusion Coefficient.
6.5. Steady-State Diffusion Problems with No Overall Diffusive Mass Transfer.
6.6. Steady-State Mass Balances Over Differential Elements.
6.7. Fick’s Second Law and Nonsteady-State Diffusion.
6.8. Effective Diffusion Coefficients in Porous Media.
6.9. Hindered Diffusion.
6.10. When Chemicals Diffuse Against a Concentration Gradient.
6.11. Summary.
Exercises.
References.
Bibliography.
7 Convective Diffusion, Dispersion, and Mass Transfer.
7.1. Introduction and Simple Example of Convective Diffusion.
7.2. The Convective-Diffusion Equation.
7.3. Mass Transport in Steady Laminar Flow in a Cylindrical Tube.
7.4. Taylor-Aris Dispersion.
7.5. Turbulent Dispersion: The Lagrangian Approach.
7.6. Turbulent Dispersion: The Eulerian Approach.
7.7. Mass Transfer in Laminar Flow Along Reacting or Dissolving Solid Surfaces.
7.8. Mass-Transfer Coefficients, Models, and Correlations for Laminar and Turbulent Flows.
7.9. Interphase Mass Transport and Resistance Models.
7.10. Summary.
Exercises.
References.
8 Filtration and Mass Transport in Porous Media.
8.1. Introduction.
8.2. Porosity, Velocity, and Porous Media Continua.
8.3. Coefficients of Mechanical, Molecular, and Hydrodynamic Dispersion.
8.4. Porous Media Dispersion Equation in a Homogeneous Isotropic Medium.
8.5. Solution of the Dispersion Equation in an Infinite One-Dimensional Medium.
8.6. Analytical Chromatography.
8.7. Filtration.
8.8. Osmotic Pressure and Reverse Osmosis.
8.9. Summary.
Exercises.
References.
Bibliography.
9 Reaction Kinetics.
9.1. Introduction.
9.2. First-Order Reactions.
9.3. Second-Order Reactions.
9.4. Pseudo-First-Order Reactions.
9.5. Zero-Order Reactions.
9.6. Elementary and Nonelementary Reactions.
9.7. Simple Series and Parallel Reactions.
9.8. Reversible Reactions.
9.9. Characteristic Reaction Times.
9.10. Arrhenius' Law and the Effect of Temperature on Reaction Rate.
9.11. The Fastest Reactions: Diffusion-Controlled Reactions.
9.12. Summary.
Exercises.
References.
Bibliography.
10 Mixing and Reactor Modeling.
10.1. Introduction.
10.2. Simple Closed-Reactor and Residence-Time Distributions.
10.3. Measurement of Residence-Time Distributions.
10.4. Residence-Time Distributions from Discrete Data.
10.5. Perfect Mixing and Ideal Plug Flow.
10.6. F, W, and Disinfection.
10.7. Moments of Residence-Time Distributions.
10.8. Other Residence-Time Models.
10.9. Axial-Dispersion Model.
10.10. Fitting Residence-Time Distributions to Data.
10.11. Mixing and Reactions.
10.12. Summary.
Exercises.
References.
Bibliography.
Appendix I. S I Units and Physical Constants.
Bibliography.
Appendix II. Review of Vectors.
Bibliography.
Appendix III. Equations of Fluid Mechanics and Convective Diffusion in Rectangular, Cylindrical, and Spherical Coordinates.
Bibliography.
Appendix IV. Physical Properties of Water and Air.
Bibliography.
Index.
· · · · · · (收起)

用户评价

这本书的封面设计初看有些保守，但一翻开内页，立刻感受到一股扎实的学术气息扑面而来。它的排版非常工整，图表清晰易读，这对于需要处理大量复杂数据的环境工程师和科研人员来说简直是福音。我尤其欣赏它在基础理论部分的阐述，作者并没有急于展示那些花哨的最新模型，而是耐心地从最核心的交通流理论和环境影响评估框架讲起。例如，在描述污染物扩散模型时，它深入浅出地解释了拉格朗日和欧拉方法的适用场景差异，并配上了详尽的数学推导，这让我这个非纯交通背景出身的读者也能迅速抓住问题的本质。书中对不同尺度下交通排放估算的讨论，也体现了作者深厚的实践经验，不像有些教材只停留在理论层面，这本书似乎真的考虑到了实际项目中的数据可获取性和模型约束。章节之间的逻辑衔接非常流畅，读完一个部分，自然而然就会对下一个部分产生期待，整体阅读体验是连贯且富有启发性的。如果说有什么可以改进的地方，或许是在前几章对软件工具的介绍上可以再增加一些案例演示，但瑕不掩瑜，对于希望打下坚实基础的人来说，这无疑是一本极具价值的参考书。

这本书的阅读体验，用“沉浸式学习”来形容可能最为贴切。它并非那种可以快速翻阅或作为速查手册的书籍，它要求读者必须静下心来，与作者进行一场深入的“智力对话”。尤其是在描述空气质量预测与交通控制策略耦合建模的那几章，作者展现了一种近乎严苛的系统性思维。他不仅解释了“如何建”模型，更重要的是阐明了“为什么必须这样建”，以及在不同政策目标下，模型结构应如何调整的内在逻辑。我注意到，书中对不确定性处理的讨论非常到位，这在环境工程领域至关重要，因为我们面对的输入数据往往充满了噪音和缺失。作者并未将不确定性视为模型应用的障碍，而是将其纳入模型框架的一部分，这体现了高度的学术成熟度。书中的图表设计极具信息密度，初看可能会觉得有些压迫感，但一旦掌握了作者的符号系统和逻辑线索，就会发现这些图表是提炼复杂信息的艺术品。可以说，这本书更像是一本高级研修班的教材，它在不断地向读者提出挑战，推动我们超越现有的知识边界。

如果要用一个词来概括这本书的精髓，那大概是“审慎的创新”。它既没有盲目追逐当下最热门的机器学习或大数据技术在交通环境领域的应用，也没有固步自封于经典的线性模型。作者采取了一种非常成熟的姿态：首先确保基础理论的牢不可破，然后有选择、有侧重地引入新兴技术，并对其适用范围和潜在的误导性保持高度警惕。例如，书中对“黑箱模型”在环境影响预测中的应用持谨慎态度，详细论证了在法规遵循和公众信任层面，模型的可解释性（Interpretability）为何比单纯的预测精度更为关键。这种对工程伦理和科学严谨性的重视，使得这本书区别于市面上很多浮于表面的“前沿技术手册”。对于年轻的科研人员来说，这本书提供了一个极佳的范例，展示了如何既能保持创新精神，又能坚守科学的客观与审慎。阅读全书，如同与一位经验丰富的导师进行了一次漫长的学术对话，受益匪浅。

这本书的价值，不在于提供了若干“即插即用”的解决方案，而在于它构建了一个思考的“元框架”。对于我们这些常年在第一线处理实际环境问题的工程师而言，我们面对的往往是高度非标准化的情境。而这本书提供的强大理论基础，使得我们能够将任何特定的地方性问题，抽象化为可建模的结构。我特别欣赏它在描述动态系统建模（如基于个体的模拟，ABM）与传统宏观模型结合的章节。作者非常坦诚地指出了将微观行为数据融入大尺度环境评估的难度与必要性，并提供了一些行之有效的初步融合策略。这在很多其他教科书中往往是被一带而过的部分。这本书的语言风格非常专业、严谨，几乎没有冗余的描述，每一个句子似乎都承载着特定的信息量。这种密度要求读者必须具备一定的背景知识储备，否则可能会感到吃力，但对于那些已经积累了基础知识的人来说，这简直就是一笔巨大的知识财富，它能帮助我们将零散的知识点编织成一张结构严谨的知识网。

读完这本关于交通建模的巨著，我不得不说，它在视角上展现出了一种非常难得的“跨界融合”的视野。很多同类书籍要么过于偏重交通规划的技术细节，要么仅仅停留在环境科学的宏观叙事，而这本书成功地在两者之间架起了一座坚实的桥梁。让我印象深刻的是其中关于“人本尺度”与“系统尺度”交互影响的分析。作者并没有孤立地看待交通流的效率与环境后果，而是深入探讨了城市形态、土地利用变化如何反作用于出行需求和排放负荷的长期演变。特别是关于行人与自行车交通网络对区域空气质量改善潜力的定量评估部分，提供了一套完整的分析框架，这对于那些正在努力推动绿色出行的城市规划师来说，无疑是及时雨。书中的案例研究选取得非常巧妙，横跨了发达国家的大都市圈和发展中地区面临的特定挑战，使得模型的适用性得到了充分的检验。虽然模型参数的敏感性分析部分需要读者投入大量精力去消化，但这恰恰是其价值所在——它教导我们如何审慎地使用和解释模型结果，而不是盲目地相信数字的表象。