Many Japanese once revered the wolf as Oguchi no Magami, or Large-Mouthed Pure God, but as Japan began its modern transformation wolves lost their otherworldly status and became noxious animals that needed to be killed. By 1905 they had disappeared from the country. In this spirited and absorbing narrative, Brett Walker takes a deep look at the scientific, cultural, and environmental dimensions of wolf extinction in Japan and tracks changing attitudes toward nature through Japan's long history.

Grain farmers once worshiped wolves at shrines and left food offerings near their dens, beseeching the elusive canine to protect their crops from the sharp hooves and voracious appetites of wild boars and deer. Talismans and charms adorned with images of wolves protected against fire, disease, and other calamities and brought fertility to agrarian communities and to couples hoping to have children. The Ainu people believed that they were born from the union of a wolflike creature and a goddess.

In the eighteenth century, wolves were seen as rabid man-killers in many parts of Japan. Highly ritualized wolf hunts were instigated to cleanse the landscape of what many considered as demons. By the nineteenth century, however, the destruction of wolves had become decidedly unceremonious, as seen on the island of Hokkaido. Through poisoning, hired hunters, and a bounty system, one of the archipelago's largest carnivores was systematically erased.

The story of wolf extinction exposes the underside of Japan's modernization. Certain wolf scientists still camp out in Japan to listen for any trace of the elusive canines. The quiet they experience reminds us of the profound silence that awaits all humanity when, as the Japanese priest Kenko taught almost seven centuries ago, we "look on fellow sentient creatures without feeling compassion."

Brett L. Walker is Regents' Professor and department chairperson of history and philosophy at Montana State University, Bozeman, and the author of The Conquest of Ainu Lands: Ecology and Culture in Japanese Expansion, 1590-1800.

"Brett Walker observed first hand the reintroduction of wolves into the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem in the 1990s. So moved was he by his encounter with Yellowstone wolves in the wild . . . that he embarked on an exploration of wolf biology, folklore, and history in the Japanese archipelago that finally yielded this ambitious and boldly speculative book. What he found will be of great interest to anyone who cares about human relationships with wolves - and the rest of wild nature besides - anywhere on earth." - from the Foreword by William Cronon

"The subject of this book will be of interest to many people, and the writing and scholarship are of high quality." - L. David Mech, author of Wolves: Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation

"Walker has taken the seemingly obscure topic of Japanese wolves and their extinction and used it to illuminate Japanese history more broadly. In doing so he has addressed an issue directly related to the central human agenda of the 21st century, that of survival in a severely overburdened and rapidly deteriorating global biosystem." - Conrad Totman, author of Preindustrial Korea and Japan in Environmental Perspective