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This volume of Progress in Brain Research is based on the proceedings of a conference, "Using Eye Movements as an Experimental Probe of Brain Function," held at the Charing Cross Hospital Campus of Imperial College London, UK on 5th -6th December, 2007 to honor Professor Jean Büttner-Ennever. With 87 contributions from international experts - both basic scientists and clinicians - the volume provides many examples of how eye movements can be used to address a broad range of research questions. Section 1 focuses on extraocular muscle, highlighting new concepts of proprioceptive control that involve even the cerebral cortex. Section 2 comprises structural, physiological, pharmacological, and computational aspects of brainstem mechanisms, and illustrates implications for disorders as diverse as opsoclonus, and congenital scoliosis with gaze palsy. Section 3 addresses how the cerebellum transforms neural signals into motor commands, and how disease of such mechanisms may lead to ataxia and disorders such as oculopalatal tremor. Section 4 deals with sensory-motor processing of visual, vestibular, somatosensory, and auditory inputs, such as are required for navigation, and gait. Section 5 illustrates how eye movements, used in conjunction with single-unit electrophysiology, functional imaging, transcranial magnetic stimulation, and lesion studies have illuminated cognitive processes, including memory, prediction, and even free will. Section 6 includes 18 papers dealing with disorders ranging from congenital to acquired forms of nystagmus, genetic and degenerative neurological disorders, and treatments for nystagmus and motion sickness.

* Clinicians will find important new information on the substrate for spinocerebellar ataxia, lat-onset Tay-Sachs disease, Huntington disease, and pulvinar lesions

* Several series of papers address similar issues, providing a coherent discussion of such topics as proprioception, short and longer-term memory, and hereditary cerebellar ataxias

* Some articles concerning anatomic tracers, functional imaging, and computational neuroscience are illustrated in color

R. Leigh

Affiliations and Expertise

Department of Neurology, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA

Christopher Kennard

Affiliations and Expertise

Academic Unit of Neuroscience, Charing Cross Hospital, London, UK Professor of Clinical Neurology

Section 1: Using Novel Techniques to Define the Neural Substrate for Eye Movements
Jean Büttner-Ennever, Munich: Re-mapping the oculomotor system Joseph Demer, Los Angeles: Using high-definition MRI to re-define the mechanics of eye rotations Michael Goldberg, New York: The cortical representation of oculomotor proprioception David Zee, Baltimore: How new knowledge of the anatomy of the eye muscles and their innervation translates into improved treatment of patients with ocular motor palsies Paul Knox, Liverpool: Testing the influences of extraocular proprioception in humans James Sharpe, Toronto: Reinterpreting palsies of the ocular motor nerves Dominik Straumann: New insights into trochlear nerve palsy Paul May: Anatomical insights into peripheral gaze control Louis Dell'Osso: How disrupting ocular proprioception can be therapy for congenital nsyatgmus
Section 2: New Insights into Brainstem Generation of Ocular Motor Commands Anja Horn, Munich: New insights into the circuitry and pharmacology of the brainstem reticular formation Edward Keller, San Francisco: Using multiple electrode arrays to map moving fields of neural activity in the superior colliculus Paul Gamlin, Birmingham: Synthesis of vergence control by brainstem circuits Holger Rambold, Lübeck: Disturbances of vergence and saccadic eye movements by human brainstem lesions Christoph Helmchen, Luebeck: Understanding how the cerebellar disease could cause saccadic oscillations Stefano Ramat, Pavia: A brainstem network that accounts for abnormal saccades Mark Gibson, Belfast: Human saccadic disorders and their brainstem mechanisms Richard Clement: A black-box approach to saccadic disorders
Section 3: Using Eye Movements as an Index of Transformation of Signals by the Cerebellum Stephen Highstein, St. Louis: How the cerebellar transforms sensory inputs into motor commands Albert Fuchs, Seattle: How visual and motor signals interact in the cerebellum John Stahl, Cleveland: How mutant mice with calcium channel defects provide insight into the cerebellar role in balance Michael Strupp, Munich: How knowledge about calcium channel disorders translates into treatment of human cerebellar disease Bernard Cohen, New York: Cerebellar governance of vestibular mechanisms Mark Walker, Baltimore: Influence of cerebellar nodulus on translational vestibulo-ocular reflex Ulrich Büttner, Munich: Control of smooth-pursuit eye movements by cerebellum Robert McCrea, Chicago: Influence of cerebellum on combined eye-head tracking Adolfo Bronstein, London: Degenerative disorders that affect the cerebellar control of eye movements
Section 3: Using Eye Movements as a Probe of Sensory-Motor Processing Frederick Miles, Bethesda: How the brain uses visual motion as we move through the environment Peter Hoffmann: How motion signals are encoded in visual areas Michael Mustari, Atlanta: How disturbed maturation of visual motion processing leads to nystagmus in infancy Thomas Brandt: How vestibular and visual inputs may be abnormally processed in cerebral cortex Richard Abadi, Manchester: Visual perceptions during ocular oscillations Michael Gresty, London: Self-motion, gaze control and visual perception Bernhard Hess, Zurich: Understanding interactions between responses to head rotations and translations Michael Halmagyi, Sydney: Probing otolith-ocular reflexes using novel stimuli in humans Sergei Yakushin, New York: How visual inputs from subcortical pathways influence perception of self-motion
Section 4: Using Eye Movements as a Probe of Cognition James Lynch, Jackson: Concepts of the contribution of cerebral cortex based on new anatomical findings Kikuro Fukushima, Sapporo: Prediction, eye movements, and the frontal lobes Rene Müri, Bern: Using transcranial magnetic stimulation to probe decision-making and memory
Parashkev Nachev, London: Using functional imaging to during conflict resolution and free choice Charles Pierrot-Deseilligny, Paris: Using saccades to probe different forms of memory Christopher Kennard, London: Role of the supplementary eye fields in countermanding saccades Masud Husain, London: Using eye movements to probe shifts of instruction set Graham Barnes, Manchester: Using smooth tracking movements to probe prediction R. John Leigh, Cleveland, Ohio: Eye movements: The meaning of it all (Epilogue)
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