Democracy in America pdf epub mobi txt 電子書 下載 在線閱讀 2026

This title includes text in English & French. In 1831, Alexis de Tocqueville and his friend Gustave de Beaumont visited the United States on behalf of the French government to study American prisons. In their nine months in the U.S. they studied not just the prison system but every aspect of American life, public and private - the political, economic, religious, cultural, and above all social life of the young nation. From Tocqueville's copious notes of what he had seen and heard came the classic text "De la Democratie en Amerique", published in two large volumes, the first in 1835, the second in 1840. The first volume focused primarily on political society; the second, on civil society. Tocqueville's account of the travels and adventures of the two Frenchmen aimed to get down the truth about America, not only to praise the new country's strengths but also to critique its shortcomings when these were all too evident to outside eyes. For Tocqueville, virtually every aspect of the new republic was fascinating: the laws and the customs, the manners and the mores of a people so very different from the populations of the kingdoms of Europe. He was particularly interested in the success of democracy in America, specifically of republican representative democracy, which seemed to have failed elsewhere, most conspicuously in revolutionary France. Perhaps because Tocqueville, an aristocrat, was by no means sympathetic to 'pure' democracy, which seemed tainted by its associations with the Terror of the French Revolution, he examined American democracy with a thoroughness such as had never been seen before, and seldom if ever since. Tocqueville considered the tendency of democracy to degenerate into either the tyranny of the majority or what he called soft despotism, a sovereign power that 'extends its arms over the entire society; it covers the surface of society with a network of small, complicated, minute, and uniform rules...it does not tyrannise, it hinders, it represses, it enervates, it extinguishes, it stupifies, and finally it reduces each nation to being nothing more than a flock of timid and industrious animals, of which the government is the shepherd'. Tocqueville noted that religion played a leading role in American life in the 1830s, due to its being constitutionally separated from government. Far from objecting to this situation, he observed that Americans found this dis-establishment quite satisfactory, in contrast to France, with its outright antagonism between avowedly religious people and supporters of democracy. "The Liberty Fund Bilingual Democracy in America" includes Eduardo Nolla's critical edition of the French text and notes on the lefthand pages and James Schleifer's English translation on the right. This is the fullest critical edition of the Democracy, and the notes offer an extensive selection of early outlines, drafts, manuscript variants, marginalia, unpublished fragments, and other materials. From the foreword to the French edition: 'This new Democracy is not only the one that Tocqueville presented to the reader of 1835, then to the reader of 1840. It is enlarged, amplified by a body of texts...the reader will see how Tocqueville proceeded with the elaboration of the main ideas of his book'.

托剋維爾(1805-1859)，法國曆史學傢、社會學傢。主要代錶作有《論美國的民主》第一捲(1835)、《論美國的民主》第二捲(1840年)、《舊製度與大革命〉。《論美國的民主》使他享有世界聲譽。其上捲的第一部分講述美國的政治製度，第二部分對美國的民主進行社會學的分析。下捲分四個部分，以美國為背景發揮其政治哲學和政治社會學思想。齣身貴族世傢，經曆過五個“朝代”(法蘭西第一帝國、波旁復闢王朝、七月王朝、法蘭西第二共和國、法蘭西第二帝國)。前期熱心於政治，1838年齣任眾議院議員，1848年二月革命後參與製訂第二共和國憲法，1849年一度齣任外交部長。1851年路易·波拿巴建立第二帝國，托剋維爾對政治日益失望，從政治舞颱上逐漸淡齣，並逐漸認識到自己“擅長思想勝於行動”。《托剋維爾迴憶錄》是一本關於1848年法國二月革命的迴憶錄，對其間許多人物(比如路易·菲力浦、路易·拿破侖、阿道夫·梯也爾、路易·勃朗等)的評述十分尖銳，用語幾近刻薄。可能由於這個原因，該書在作者死後34年(1893年)纔首次齣版。