具体描述
蔬菜生产技术，ISBN：9787109071988，作者：韩世栋主编
现代园艺栽培与病虫害综合管理 图书简介 本书全面深入地探讨了现代园艺作物的栽培技术、环境调控以及病虫害的综合管理策略。内容覆盖范围广泛，从基础的植物生理学与土壤科学入手，系统阐述了各类观赏植物、果树和药用植物的专业化种植流程。全书旨在为专业园艺工作者、农业技术推广人员以及高级园艺爱好者提供一套系统、前沿且极具操作性的技术指南。 第一部分：园艺植物的生长基础与环境调控 本部分深入剖析了园艺植物生命活动的内在机制，为精确控制生长环境奠定了理论基础。 第一章 园艺植物生理学与分子机制 植物光合作用与呼吸作用的优化调控： 详细分析了不同光质（红光、蓝光、远红光）对C3、C4作物以及CAM植物光合效率的影响机制。讨论了叶绿素合成、光合色素网络结构与环境胁迫（如高温、高光强）下的响应机制。重点阐述了光合产物向贮藏器官或经济性器官运输的代谢路径与酶活性调控。 水分利用效率（WUE）与逆境生理学： 阐述了植物水分吸收、蒸腾作用的生理学基础。深入探讨了气孔导度、根系水力导度与土壤水势的关系。详述了干旱、盐渍化和低温胁迫下植物体内的激素（如脱落酸ABA）信号传导网络，以及抗逆基因的表达调控策略。 营养元素吸收、转运与代谢调控： 系统梳理了氮、磷、钾、钙、镁、硫等宏量元素以及铁、锰、锌、硼等微量元素在植物体内的吸收、内在转运（韧皮部与木质部）机制。重点分析了氮素同化过程中的硝酸还原酶和谷氨酰胺合成酶的活性调控，以及磷在能量代谢中的核心地位。探讨了功能性营养元素（如硅、硒）对植物健康和品质提升的作用。 第二章 土壤生态与精准营养管理 土壤理化性质的深度解析与改良： 分析了土壤质地、结构（团粒度）、水力特性和缓冲容量对根系发育的制约。重点讲解了土壤有机质的来源、分解过程（微生物驱动的碳氮转化）及其对土壤肥力的贡献。针对不同类型土壤（沙土、粘土、红壤）的改良技术，包括酸碱度（pH）的精确调控和重金属钝化策略。 水肥一体化系统的设计与运营： 详细介绍了滴灌、微喷灌、渗灌等节水灌溉技术的系统设计参数，包括田间水肥递送的均匀度评估（DU值）。阐述了水溶肥、缓控释肥的选择依据，以及基于作物需肥模型（如基于叶面积指数LAI的营养诊断）的精准施肥处方图的制定。探讨了灌溉水质对土壤盐渍化和作物健康的影响。 根际微生物组与生物刺激素应用： 深入探讨了根际微生态环境的构建，重点关注固氮菌、解磷菌、菌根真菌（AMF）在提高养分有效性方面的作用。评估了海藻提取物、腐植酸、氨基酸等生物刺激素对作物抗逆性和产量潜力的提升效果。 第三部分 现代温室与设施园艺环境工程 本部分聚焦于利用先进工程技术实现对作物的气候环境的精确控制，以突破自然条件的限制。 设施结构优化与能耗管理： 对连栋温室、日光温室、植物工厂等不同类型设施的结构受力分析和热力学模型进行介绍。详细阐述了覆盖材料（如ETFE膜、多层共挤压薄膜）的光学性能与保温性能的平衡选择。引入了被动式太阳能利用技术和地热交换系统的应用实例。 气候要素的综合调控技术： 温度控制： 讲解了基于PID算法的加热、降温（遮阳、风机湿帘、蒸发冷却）系统的联动控制策略。探讨了夜温管理（NTR）对果实风味物质积累的影响。 光照与补光技术： 分析了LED补光光谱配比（红蓝比例、特定窄带光谱）对不同生长阶段作物的调控效果。讨论了光质、光周期和光照强度（PPFD）的动态优化模型。 气体成分调控： 详细介绍了二氧化碳（CO2）施肥系统的设计、浓度监测与精确控制技术。探讨了乙烯（ET）在催熟和抑制生长中的应用，以及温室内部有害气体（如硫化氢、氨气）的监测与排放控制。 自动化与数据驱动的决策系统： 介绍了环境传感器网络（气象站、土壤探针）的数据采集与传输协议。重点阐述了基于物联网（IoT）和云计算平台的作物生长模型（Crop Growth Models）在预测产量、优化灌溉决策中的应用。 第二部分：园艺作物功能性栽培与品质塑造 本部分侧重于针对特定园艺作物的专业化栽培技术，强调产量与品质（风味、营养成分）的双重提升。 第四章 特色果树的无性繁殖与树形调控 砧木选择与嫁接技术： 分析了不同砧木对品种抗逆性（抗病性、抗旱性）、树体大小和早实性的遗传影响。详细介绍了芽接、枝接、根接等各类无性繁殖技术的标准化操作流程与愈合机制。 树形工程与负载管理： 阐述了针对苹果、桃、柑橘等乔木和浆果类灌木的系统性修剪技术，包括短枝修剪、长枝更新与花芽诱导。重点讲解了花果负荷的科学平衡，通过疏花疏果精确调控单果重、糖酸比和着色度。 设施内果树的周年生产： 探讨了通过温室或高标准避雨栽培实现热带、亚热带果树在温带地区的周年生产技术，包括休眠打破（化学药剂与低温处理）和营养生长与生殖生长的周期性调控。 第五章 药用与芳香植物的有效成分积累 次生代谢产物的调控： 聚焦于植物次生代谢产物（如生物碱、萜类、黄酮类）的合成途径。分析了环境胁迫（如轻微干旱、昼夜温差增大）作为“良性胁迫”对提高有效成分含量的诱导作用。 收获期与后处理对品质的影响： 确定不同药用活性成分达到峰值的最佳收获时间窗口。讨论了快速干燥（真空冷冻干燥、微波辅助干燥）技术对挥发油和热敏性成分的保留效果。 组织培养与种质资源保存： 介绍了用于快速繁殖优良种源和保护珍稀药用植物的植物组织培养技术（愈伤组织培养、胚胎培养），以及低温保存和基因库建立的标准流程。 第三部分：病虫草害的绿色与可持续管理 本部分是全书的核心内容之一，强调从生态学角度出发，构建低风险、可持续的病虫害综合管理体系（IPM）。 第六章 园艺作物常见病害的诊断与生物防治 真菌、细菌与病毒性病害的分子诊断： 详细描述了白粉病、霜霉病、溃疡病等主要病害的致病机理。引入PCR、ELISA等快速诊断技术在田间病害早期识别中的应用。 生物防治策略的集成应用： 重点介绍了拮抗微生物（如木霉菌、芽孢杆菌）在土壤传播病害控制中的应用技术。探讨了抗性育种的最新进展，以及植物诱导抗性（SAR/ISR）的分子基础与田间激活技术。 非化学手段的病害抑制技术： 详述了高温处理、臭氧水、紫外线（UV-C）照射等物理防治方法在收获后和育苗阶段的应用规范。 第七章 昆虫与螨类害虫的生态学控制 害虫发生动态监测与阈值理论： 讲解了灯诱、性信息素诱捕技术在监测和干扰害虫交配中的应用。深入分析了经济阈值（ET）和防治阈值（TTH）的确定方法，强调只在必要时进行干预。 天敌昆虫的保护与复壮： 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This is a comprehensive overview of modern horticultural cultivation, environmental control, and integrated pest management (IPM) strategies. The content moves from fundamental plant physiology and soil science to specialized cultivation protocols for ornamental plants, fruit trees, and medicinal herbs. It is designed to be an authoritative guide for professionals and advanced enthusiasts seeking to implement cutting-edge, sustainable practices. --- Part One: Foundations of Horticultural Science and Environmental Engineering This section lays the groundwork by analyzing the physiological demands of horticultural crops and the engineering principles required for precise environmental manipulation. Chapter 1: Plant Physiology Under Controlled Conditions This chapter delves into the molecular and cellular mechanisms governing plant responses to optimized environments, focusing on maximizing economic yield and secondary metabolite accumulation. Photosynthetic Efficiency and Spectral Manipulation: A deep dive into the mechanisms of light absorption, electron transport chains, and Rubisco activity under varying light quality (e.g., high R:FR ratios, pulsed light). Analysis of photoperiodism and phytochrome signaling pathways as they relate to flowering induction and vegetative growth cessation in high-density growing systems. Water Use Efficiency (WUE) and Abiotic Stress Signaling: Examines the complex hormonal cross-talk (ABA, cytokinins, gibberellins) that governs stomatal aperture and root architecture plasticity. Detailed discussion of drought-hardening protocols and the genetic basis of osmotic adjustment in cash crops. Nutrient Assimilation and Translocation Dynamics: Focuses on the kinetics of nutrient uptake, the role of specific transporters (e.g., high-affinity nitrate transporters), and the regulatory networks controlling the synthesis of storage proteins and structural carbohydrates in response to nutrient availability. Investigation into the utilization of stable isotopes ($ ext{}^{15} ext{N}$, $ ext{}^{32} ext{P}$) for tracing nutrient pathways in vivo. Chapter 2: Soil Ecology and Advanced Fertility Management This part moves beyond standard fertilization schedules to examine the soil as a complex, living ecosystem that dictates nutrient bioavailability. Rhizosphere Interactions and Carbon Cycling: Comprehensive coverage of the soil microbial community structure (bacteria, fungi, archaea) within the rhizosphere. Detailed analysis of the carbon-nitrogen-sulfur stoichiometry in soil organic matter decomposition, emphasizing the role of soil enzymes (e.g., urease, phosphatase) in nutrient mineralization. Precision Nutrient Delivery Systems: Engineering specifications and performance metrics for fertigation systems. Analysis of solute transport modeling in porous media to predict nutrient movement and leaching potential. Protocols for dynamic nutrient solution management in hydroponic and aeroponic systems, including $ ext{pH}$ and electrical conductivity ($ ext{EC}$) buffering techniques. Bio-stimulant Efficacy and Formulation Science: Critical evaluation of the biological activity of humic acids, seaweed extracts, and amino acid chelates. Protocols for in-situ assessment of bio-stimulant impact on root exudate composition and nutrient chelation capacity. Chapter 3: Controlled Environment Agriculture (CEA) Engineering This chapter addresses the integration of physical infrastructure, climate control systems, and automation for maximal production throughput. Thermal Modeling and Energy Minimization: Advanced analysis of heat and mass transfer within greenhouse envelopes. Introduction to dynamic thermal simulation software for predicting peak load requirements. Strategies for passive solar gain optimization and the utilization of phase-change materials (PCMs) for thermal energy storage in plant factories. Light Environment Engineering: Detailed technical specifications for LED fixture design, including uniformity testing (candelas per square meter) and spectral output calibration. Exploration of "light recipes" tailored for specific developmental stages (e.g., high blue light for compact canopy formation, targeted far-red for shade avoidance response). Atmospheric Control and Crop Interfacing: Design parameters for air handling units, dehumidification systems (e.g., desiccant wheels), and forced ventilation balancing. Protocols for $ ext{CO}_2$ enrichment monitoring using non-dispersive infrared (NDIR) sensors and closed-loop feedback systems. Discussion on managing ethylene buildup in high-density production settings. --- Part Two: Crop-Specific Production Systems and Quality Enhancement This section focuses on achieving superior market quality in high-value horticultural commodities through disciplined management. Chapter 4: Advanced Techniques for Fruit Tree Management This covers the perennial aspects of fruit production, emphasizing structural integrity and long-term productivity planning. Rootstock Physiology and Compatibility Studies: Examination of rootstock genomics impacting vigor control, chilling requirement fulfillment, and scion resistance transmission. Methods for grafting success rate optimization based on cambial activity synchronization. Canopy Architecture and Microclimate Optimization: Application of spatial analysis (LiDAR scanning) to quantify canopy density and light interception efficiency (FPAR). Techniques for establishing high-density training systems (e.g., V-trellis, Spanish bush) to maximize intercepted radiation relative to tree volume. Precision Thinning and Fruit Load Balancing: Mathematical modeling for predicting critical fruit retention rates based on expected vegetative growth potential. Use of chemical thinners (e.g., 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid, Ethylene releasing agents) with strict application timing based on petal fall timing and forecasted ambient temperature profiles. Chapter 5: Specialty Crops: Phytochemical Accumulation and Harvest Timing This chapter addresses the cultivation of high-value botanicals where chemical composition, not just mass, is the primary economic driver. Biosynthesis Pathway Perturbation: Strategies to manipulate environmental conditions (e.g., nutrient deprivation—specifically nitrogen or phosphorus withdrawal prior to harvest) to intentionally trigger defense responses that elevate target secondary metabolites (e.g., capsaicinoids in peppers, anthocyanins in berries). Post-Harvest Quality Metrics: Establishment of quality control checkpoints using chromatography ($ ext{HPLC}$, $ ext{GC-MS}$) to benchmark the concentration of active compounds. Procedures for minimizing enzymatic degradation during curing and initial storage. Micropropagation and Genetic Purity Maintenance: Detailed protocols for in vitro culture media optimization (hormone ratios, gelling agents) for rapid clonal propagation. Techniques for detecting somaclonal variation and ensuring the genetic fidelity of elite cultivars under mass propagation. --- Part Three: Integrated and Ecological Pest Management (IPM) for High-Value Crops This final section details the implementation of proactive, ecologically sound strategies to maintain plant health while minimizing reliance on synthetic chemical inputs. Chapter 6: Diagnostic Epidemiology and Biological Disease Control This chapter emphasizes understanding disease spread mechanisms to implement targeted, preventative interventions. Epidemiological Modeling and Forecasting: Application of dynamic disease progression models (e.g., SIR models) to predict the likelihood and severity of outbreaks based on hourly temperature, leaf wetness duration, and inoculum load estimates. Microbial Biocontrol Agent Deployment: Comprehensive protocols for the mass production, formulation (e.g., wettable powders, liquid concentrates), and field application timing of antagonistic fungi and bacteria. Discussion on ensuring the shelf-life and viability of these living agents under commercial storage conditions. Host Resistance Mechanisms and Gene Stacking: Review of major gene ($ ext{R}$ gene) and quantitative trait loci ($ ext{QTL}$) approaches in developing durable resistance against vascular and foliar pathogens. Strategies for managing resistance breakdown through cultivar rotation. Chapter 7: Insect Ecology and Targeted Pest Intervention This focuses on controlling arthropod pests by manipulating their environment and maximizing the efficacy of natural enemies. Pest Dynamics Monitoring and Action Thresholds: Detailed methodology for developing site-specific action thresholds using aggregated insect counts and damage assessment indices. Introduction to remote sensing technologies (e.g., hyperspectral imaging) for detecting early feeding damage before visual symptoms appear. Conservation and Augmentation of Beneficials: Techniques for establishing floral refugia within production areas to support predatory mites (e.g., Phytoseiulus persimilis) and parasitic wasps. Protocols for the controlled release and establishment of commercially reared beneficial insects in enclosed environments. Next-Generation Control Agents: In-depth review of biopesticides derived from Bacillus thuringiensis ($ ext{Bt}$), entomopathogenic fungi (e.g., Beauveria bassiana), and novel RNA interference ($ ext{RNAi}$) technologies for precision pest suppression. Guidelines for ensuring environmental safety and non-target organism protection during the use of these agents. This book serves as an essential reference for practitioners dedicated to the optimization, efficiency, and environmental stewardship of modern horticultural enterprises.
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