具體描述
蔬菜生産技術，ISBN：9787109071988，作者：韓世棟主編
現代園藝栽培與病蟲害綜閤管理 圖書簡介 本書全麵深入地探討瞭現代園藝作物的栽培技術、環境調控以及病蟲害的綜閤管理策略。內容覆蓋範圍廣泛，從基礎的植物生理學與土壤科學入手，係統闡述瞭各類觀賞植物、果樹和藥用植物的專業化種植流程。全書旨在為專業園藝工作者、農業技術推廣人員以及高級園藝愛好者提供一套係統、前沿且極具操作性的技術指南。 第一部分：園藝植物的生長基礎與環境調控 本部分深入剖析瞭園藝植物生命活動的內在機製，為精確控製生長環境奠定瞭理論基礎。 第一章 園藝植物生理學與分子機製 植物光閤作用與呼吸作用的優化調控： 詳細分析瞭不同光質（紅光、藍光、遠紅光）對C3、C4作物以及CAM植物光閤效率的影響機製。討論瞭葉綠素閤成、光閤色素網絡結構與環境脅迫（如高溫、高光強）下的響應機製。重點闡述瞭光閤産物嚮貯藏器官或經濟性器官運輸的代謝路徑與酶活性調控。 水分利用效率（WUE）與逆境生理學： 闡述瞭植物水分吸收、蒸騰作用的生理學基礎。深入探討瞭氣孔導度、根係水力導度與土壤水勢的關係。詳述瞭乾旱、鹽漬化和低溫脅迫下植物體內的激素（如脫落酸ABA）信號傳導網絡，以及抗逆基因的錶達調控策略。 營養元素吸收、轉運與代謝調控： 係統梳理瞭氮、磷、鉀、鈣、鎂、硫等宏量元素以及鐵、錳、鋅、硼等微量元素在植物體內的吸收、內在轉運（韌皮部與木質部）機製。重點分析瞭氮素同化過程中的硝酸還原酶和榖氨酰胺閤成酶的活性調控，以及磷在能量代謝中的核心地位。探討瞭功能性營養元素（如矽、硒）對植物健康和品質提升的作用。 第二章 土壤生態與精準營養管理 土壤理化性質的深度解析與改良： 分析瞭土壤質地、結構（團粒度）、水力特性和緩衝容量對根係發育的製約。重點講解瞭土壤有機質的來源、分解過程（微生物驅動的碳氮轉化）及其對土壤肥力的貢獻。針對不同類型土壤（沙土、粘土、紅壤）的改良技術，包括酸堿度（pH）的精確調控和重金屬鈍化策略。 水肥一體化係統的設計與運營： 詳細介紹瞭滴灌、微噴灌、滲灌等節水灌溉技術的係統設計參數，包括田間水肥遞送的均勻度評估（DU值）。闡述瞭水溶肥、緩控釋肥的選擇依據，以及基於作物需肥模型（如基於葉麵積指數LAI的營養診斷）的精準施肥處方圖的製定。探討瞭灌溉水質對土壤鹽漬化和作物健康的影響。 根際微生物組與生物刺激素應用： 深入探討瞭根際微生態環境的構建，重點關注固氮菌、解磷菌、菌根真菌（AMF）在提高養分有效性方麵的作用。評估瞭海藻提取物、腐植酸、氨基酸等生物刺激素對作物抗逆性和産量潛力的提升效果。 第三部分 現代溫室與設施園藝環境工程 本部分聚焦於利用先進工程技術實現對作物的氣候環境的精確控製，以突破自然條件的限製。 設施結構優化與能耗管理： 對連棟溫室、日光溫室、植物工廠等不同類型設施的結構受力分析和熱力學模型進行介紹。詳細闡述瞭覆蓋材料（如ETFE膜、多層共擠壓薄膜）的光學性能與保溫性能的平衡選擇。引入瞭被動式太陽能利用技術和地熱交換係統的應用實例。 氣候要素的綜閤調控技術： 溫度控製： 講解瞭基於PID算法的加熱、降溫（遮陽、風機濕簾、蒸發冷卻）係統的聯動控製策略。探討瞭夜溫管理（NTR）對果實風味物質積纍的影響。 光照與補光技術： 分析瞭LED補光光譜配比（紅藍比例、特定窄帶光譜）對不同生長階段作物的調控效果。討論瞭光質、光周期和光照強度（PPFD）的動態優化模型。 氣體成分調控： 詳細介紹瞭二氧化碳（CO2）施肥係統的設計、濃度監測與精確控製技術。探討瞭乙烯（ET）在催熟和抑製生長中的應用，以及溫室內部有害氣體（如硫化氫、氨氣）的監測與排放控製。 自動化與數據驅動的決策係統： 介紹瞭環境傳感器網絡（氣象站、土壤探針）的數據采集與傳輸協議。重點闡述瞭基於物聯網（IoT）和雲計算平颱的作物生長模型（Crop Growth Models）在預測産量、優化灌溉決策中的應用。 第二部分：園藝作物功能性栽培與品質塑造 本部分側重於針對特定園藝作物的專業化栽培技術，強調産量與品質（風味、營養成分）的雙重提升。 第四章 特色果樹的無性繁殖與樹形調控 砧木選擇與嫁接技術： 分析瞭不同砧木對品種抗逆性（抗病性、抗旱性）、樹體大小和早實性的遺傳影響。詳細介紹瞭芽接、枝接、根接等各類無性繁殖技術的標準化操作流程與愈閤機製。 樹形工程與負載管理： 闡述瞭針對蘋果、桃、柑橘等喬木和漿果類灌木的係統性修剪技術，包括短枝修剪、長枝更新與花芽誘導。重點講解瞭花果負荷的科學平衡，通過疏花疏果精確調控單果重、糖酸比和著色度。 設施內果樹的周年生産： 探討瞭通過溫室或高標準避雨栽培實現熱帶、亞熱帶果樹在溫帶地區的周年生産技術，包括休眠打破（化學藥劑與低溫處理）和營養生長與生殖生長的周期性調控。 第五章 藥用與芳香植物的有效成分積纍 次生代謝産物的調控： 聚焦於植物次生代謝産物（如生物堿、萜類、黃酮類）的閤成途徑。分析瞭環境脅迫（如輕微乾旱、晝夜溫差增大）作為“良性脅迫”對提高有效成分含量的誘導作用。 收獲期與後處理對品質的影響： 確定不同藥用活性成分達到峰值的最佳收獲時間窗口。討論瞭快速乾燥（真空冷凍乾燥、微波輔助乾燥）技術對揮發油和熱敏性成分的保留效果。 組織培養與種質資源保存： 介紹瞭用於快速繁殖優良種源和保護珍稀藥用植物的植物組織培養技術（愈傷組織培養、胚胎培養），以及低溫保存和基因庫建立的標準流程。 第三部分：病蟲草害的綠色與可持續管理 本部分是全書的核心內容之一，強調從生態學角度齣發，構建低風險、可持續的病蟲害綜閤管理體係（IPM）。 第六章 園藝作物常見病害的診斷與生物防治 真菌、細菌與病毒性病害的分子診斷： 詳細描述瞭白粉病、霜黴病、潰瘍病等主要病害的緻病機理。引入PCR、ELISA等快速診斷技術在田間病害早期識彆中的應用。 生物防治策略的集成應用： 重點介紹瞭拮抗微生物（如木黴菌、芽孢杆菌）在土壤傳播病害控製中的應用技術。探討瞭抗性育種的最新進展，以及植物誘導抗性（SAR/ISR）的分子基礎與田間激活技術。 非化學手段的病害抑製技術： 詳述瞭高溫處理、臭氧水、紫外綫（UV-C）照射等物理防治方法在收獲後和育苗階段的應用規範。 第七章 昆蟲與蟎類害蟲的生態學控製 害蟲發生動態監測與閾值理論： 講解瞭燈誘、性信息素誘捕技術在監測和乾擾害蟲交配中的應用。深入分析瞭經濟閾值（ET）和防治閾值（TTH）的確定方法，強調隻在必要時進行乾預。 天敵昆蟲的保護與復壯： 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This is a comprehensive overview of modern horticultural cultivation, environmental control, and integrated pest management (IPM) strategies. The content moves from fundamental plant physiology and soil science to specialized cultivation protocols for ornamental plants, fruit trees, and medicinal herbs. It is designed to be an authoritative guide for professionals and advanced enthusiasts seeking to implement cutting-edge, sustainable practices. --- Part One: Foundations of Horticultural Science and Environmental Engineering This section lays the groundwork by analyzing the physiological demands of horticultural crops and the engineering principles required for precise environmental manipulation. Chapter 1: Plant Physiology Under Controlled Conditions This chapter delves into the molecular and cellular mechanisms governing plant responses to optimized environments, focusing on maximizing economic yield and secondary metabolite accumulation. Photosynthetic Efficiency and Spectral Manipulation: A deep dive into the mechanisms of light absorption, electron transport chains, and Rubisco activity under varying light quality (e.g., high R:FR ratios, pulsed light). Analysis of photoperiodism and phytochrome signaling pathways as they relate to flowering induction and vegetative growth cessation in high-density growing systems. Water Use Efficiency (WUE) and Abiotic Stress Signaling: Examines the complex hormonal cross-talk (ABA, cytokinins, gibberellins) that governs stomatal aperture and root architecture plasticity. Detailed discussion of drought-hardening protocols and the genetic basis of osmotic adjustment in cash crops. Nutrient Assimilation and Translocation Dynamics: Focuses on the kinetics of nutrient uptake, the role of specific transporters (e.g., high-affinity nitrate transporters), and the regulatory networks controlling the synthesis of storage proteins and structural carbohydrates in response to nutrient availability. Investigation into the utilization of stable isotopes ($ ext{}^{15} ext{N}$, $ ext{}^{32} ext{P}$) for tracing nutrient pathways in vivo. Chapter 2: Soil Ecology and Advanced Fertility Management This part moves beyond standard fertilization schedules to examine the soil as a complex, living ecosystem that dictates nutrient bioavailability. Rhizosphere Interactions and Carbon Cycling: Comprehensive coverage of the soil microbial community structure (bacteria, fungi, archaea) within the rhizosphere. Detailed analysis of the carbon-nitrogen-sulfur stoichiometry in soil organic matter decomposition, emphasizing the role of soil enzymes (e.g., urease, phosphatase) in nutrient mineralization. Precision Nutrient Delivery Systems: Engineering specifications and performance metrics for fertigation systems. Analysis of solute transport modeling in porous media to predict nutrient movement and leaching potential. Protocols for dynamic nutrient solution management in hydroponic and aeroponic systems, including $ ext{pH}$ and electrical conductivity ($ ext{EC}$) buffering techniques. Bio-stimulant Efficacy and Formulation Science: Critical evaluation of the biological activity of humic acids, seaweed extracts, and amino acid chelates. Protocols for in-situ assessment of bio-stimulant impact on root exudate composition and nutrient chelation capacity. Chapter 3: Controlled Environment Agriculture (CEA) Engineering This chapter addresses the integration of physical infrastructure, climate control systems, and automation for maximal production throughput. Thermal Modeling and Energy Minimization: Advanced analysis of heat and mass transfer within greenhouse envelopes. Introduction to dynamic thermal simulation software for predicting peak load requirements. Strategies for passive solar gain optimization and the utilization of phase-change materials (PCMs) for thermal energy storage in plant factories. Light Environment Engineering: Detailed technical specifications for LED fixture design, including uniformity testing (candelas per square meter) and spectral output calibration. Exploration of "light recipes" tailored for specific developmental stages (e.g., high blue light for compact canopy formation, targeted far-red for shade avoidance response). Atmospheric Control and Crop Interfacing: Design parameters for air handling units, dehumidification systems (e.g., desiccant wheels), and forced ventilation balancing. Protocols for $ ext{CO}_2$ enrichment monitoring using non-dispersive infrared (NDIR) sensors and closed-loop feedback systems. Discussion on managing ethylene buildup in high-density production settings. --- Part Two: Crop-Specific Production Systems and Quality Enhancement This section focuses on achieving superior market quality in high-value horticultural commodities through disciplined management. Chapter 4: Advanced Techniques for Fruit Tree Management This covers the perennial aspects of fruit production, emphasizing structural integrity and long-term productivity planning. Rootstock Physiology and Compatibility Studies: Examination of rootstock genomics impacting vigor control, chilling requirement fulfillment, and scion resistance transmission. Methods for grafting success rate optimization based on cambial activity synchronization. Canopy Architecture and Microclimate Optimization: Application of spatial analysis (LiDAR scanning) to quantify canopy density and light interception efficiency (FPAR). Techniques for establishing high-density training systems (e.g., V-trellis, Spanish bush) to maximize intercepted radiation relative to tree volume. Precision Thinning and Fruit Load Balancing: Mathematical modeling for predicting critical fruit retention rates based on expected vegetative growth potential. Use of chemical thinners (e.g., 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid, Ethylene releasing agents) with strict application timing based on petal fall timing and forecasted ambient temperature profiles. Chapter 5: Specialty Crops: Phytochemical Accumulation and Harvest Timing This chapter addresses the cultivation of high-value botanicals where chemical composition, not just mass, is the primary economic driver. Biosynthesis Pathway Perturbation: Strategies to manipulate environmental conditions (e.g., nutrient deprivation—specifically nitrogen or phosphorus withdrawal prior to harvest) to intentionally trigger defense responses that elevate target secondary metabolites (e.g., capsaicinoids in peppers, anthocyanins in berries). Post-Harvest Quality Metrics: Establishment of quality control checkpoints using chromatography ($ ext{HPLC}$, $ ext{GC-MS}$) to benchmark the concentration of active compounds. Procedures for minimizing enzymatic degradation during curing and initial storage. Micropropagation and Genetic Purity Maintenance: Detailed protocols for in vitro culture media optimization (hormone ratios, gelling agents) for rapid clonal propagation. Techniques for detecting somaclonal variation and ensuring the genetic fidelity of elite cultivars under mass propagation. --- Part Three: Integrated and Ecological Pest Management (IPM) for High-Value Crops This final section details the implementation of proactive, ecologically sound strategies to maintain plant health while minimizing reliance on synthetic chemical inputs. Chapter 6: Diagnostic Epidemiology and Biological Disease Control This chapter emphasizes understanding disease spread mechanisms to implement targeted, preventative interventions. Epidemiological Modeling and Forecasting: Application of dynamic disease progression models (e.g., SIR models) to predict the likelihood and severity of outbreaks based on hourly temperature, leaf wetness duration, and inoculum load estimates. Microbial Biocontrol Agent Deployment: Comprehensive protocols for the mass production, formulation (e.g., wettable powders, liquid concentrates), and field application timing of antagonistic fungi and bacteria. Discussion on ensuring the shelf-life and viability of these living agents under commercial storage conditions. Host Resistance Mechanisms and Gene Stacking: Review of major gene ($ ext{R}$ gene) and quantitative trait loci ($ ext{QTL}$) approaches in developing durable resistance against vascular and foliar pathogens. Strategies for managing resistance breakdown through cultivar rotation. Chapter 7: Insect Ecology and Targeted Pest Intervention This focuses on controlling arthropod pests by manipulating their environment and maximizing the efficacy of natural enemies. Pest Dynamics Monitoring and Action Thresholds: Detailed methodology for developing site-specific action thresholds using aggregated insect counts and damage assessment indices. Introduction to remote sensing technologies (e.g., hyperspectral imaging) for detecting early feeding damage before visual symptoms appear. Conservation and Augmentation of Beneficials: Techniques for establishing floral refugia within production areas to support predatory mites (e.g., Phytoseiulus persimilis) and parasitic wasps. Protocols for the controlled release and establishment of commercially reared beneficial insects in enclosed environments. Next-Generation Control Agents: In-depth review of biopesticides derived from Bacillus thuringiensis ($ ext{Bt}$), entomopathogenic fungi (e.g., Beauveria bassiana), and novel RNA interference ($ ext{RNAi}$) technologies for precision pest suppression. Guidelines for ensuring environmental safety and non-target organism protection during the use of these agents. This book serves as an essential reference for practitioners dedicated to the optimization, efficiency, and environmental stewardship of modern horticultural enterprises.
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