Making Sense of Japanese Grammar

出版者:Univ of Hawaii Pr

作者:Cipris, Zeljko/ Hamano, Shoko

页数:216

出版时间:2002

价格:$ 24.86

装帧:Pap

isbn号码:9780824825836

具体描述

Pt. 1. Grammatical Categories and the Basic Architecture of a Sentence. 1. The subject corresponds to an item around which an event evolves. 2. Use the verb at the end! 3. An explicit subject is optional. 4. Pay attention to the last part of a sentence. 5. There are three types of verb-like constituents. 6. The noun in the sentence gakusei-desu is not the subject! 7. Japanese speakers avoid certain pronouns. 8. You cannot always guess the grammatical category of a Japanese form from the grammatical category of its English counterpart. 9. Dictionary forms of all Japanese adjectives end with -ii, -ai, -oi, or -ui. 10. "Noun" is an open category in Japanese. 11. Use the same word order for questions. Attach -ka to a statement to turn it into a question. 12. Do not hesitate to use the same verb over and over again. 13. Japanese particles are postpositions. 14. Classification of particles -- Pt. 2. Phrase Particles: Marking the Functions of Noun Phrases in a Sentence. 15. A phrase particle determines the function of the noun. 16. The particle -wa identifies what the sentence is about and urges the listener to pay attention to the part that follows. 17. The particle -mo adds the preceding noun phrase to a list of objects. 18. Use of -wa and -mo presupposes a contextual set. 19. -ga is the subject marker; -o is the direct object marker. 20. -ga and -o mark a fresh participant; -wa marks a familiar participant already anchored in a context. 21. Do not attach -wa to interrogative WH-phrases. 22. Only one direct object particle -o appears per verb. 23. The subject and the direct object are the primary grammatical categories. 24. Two types of locational particles: -de and -ni. 25. Three reasons not to use phrase particles. 26. "Exceptional" uses of -ga. 27. Grammatical reasons for alternations of particles. 28. The person marked with the particle -ni is an active participant in an interaction. 29. The person marked with the particle -to is a "reciprocal" participant in an interaction. 30. Certain auxiliary verbs take the non-subject participant particle -ni. 31. The auxiliary verb -morau comes with -ni; the auxiliary verbs -ageru and -kureru do not. 32. Another consequence of the double-o constraint. 33. Phrase particles are powerful! -- Pt. 3. Expanding Noun Phrases. 34. The particle -no between two nouns turns the first noun into a modifier. 35. A noun modified by an adjective functions like a noun. 36. The modifier consistently precedes the modified. 37. Spatial relationships are expressed with stacked nouns. 38. The particle -no mediates a wide range of relationships. Mekishiko-jin-no tomodachi, for instance, means either "a friend of a Mexican" or "a friend who is Mexican" 39. The particle -to connects noun phrases representing separate objects. 40. Na-nouns behave like nouns, but they have "fuzzy" meanings. 41. To say something more complex, use complex noun phrases. 42. The head noun of a complex noun phrase carries with it only the particle which marks its function in a larger sphere. 43. Japanese does not employ WH-phrases for creating complex noun phrases. 44. Mekishiko-jin-no tomodachi "a Mexican friend" is a complex noun phrase. 45. Atarashii tomodachi "a new friend" is also a kind of complex noun phrase. 46. One more way to create a complex noun phrase. 47. No is for a familiar event; koto is for an abstract idea -- Pt. 4. Tense and Events. 48. There are only two tenses in Japanese: non-past and past. 49. Special use of past tense forms. 50. Te-forms connect very closely related events. 51. Tense markers separate events. 52. Events are tied with varying degrees of cohesion inside a sentence. 53. Two perspectives for tense inside a subordinate clause. 54. The main clause perspective means involvement. 55. The speaker's perspective means incidental connection, speaker's recollection, or speaker's reasoning -- Pt. 5. Miscellaneous Topics. 56. Hai and ee mean "I agree" or "I hear you"; iie means "I disagree" 57. Are "that" is for things known to both speaker and hearer; sore "that" is for something just mentioned. 58. The longer and vaguer, the more polite. 59. Polite forms and direct forms. 60. Reality consists of continuous-grade scales; language makes things discrete. 61. Interpretations of -te-kuru/-te-iku. 62. Expressing solidarity with -te-kuru/-te-iku. 63. -n-da expresses expectation of mutual understanding. 64. -n-da-kara does not provide personal information. Do not overuse it! 65. There are ways to identify hidden subjects. 66. Do not be intimidated by apparent complexity.

用户评价

这本书的结构编排简直是教科书级别的典范，逻辑清晰到令人赞叹。它采取了一种螺旋上升的学习路径，先从最基础的词汇和句子结构入手，打下一个坚固的地基。随后，它不是简单地堆砌新的语法点，而是巧妙地将新的知识点与之前学过的旧知识进行关联和对比。比如，当你学到可能态时，作者会立刻回顾并对比已学的各种表示“能力”和“意愿”的句式，通过这种横向对比，读者的理解一下子就立体了起来，避免了学了后面忘了前面的“碎片化学习”陷阱。更值得称赞的是，作者在解释那些公认的难点时，展现出了非凡的洞察力。例如，关于“つもり”和“予定”的区别，市面上很多书只是给出了生硬的定义，但这本书却通过设置一系列精心设计的对话场景，让读者亲身体会到前者偏向于主观意愿的内在构想，而后者更侧重于外部日程的既定安排。这种“沉浸式”的学习体验，让抽象的语法规则真正“活”了起来，我感觉自己不再是被动地接受知识，而是在主动地“运用”和“辨析”语言，学习效率自然水涨高涨。

这本书的练习题设计简直是神来之笔，完全颠覆了我对传统语法练习题的刻板印象。很多语法书的习题无非是选择题或者填空题，枯燥乏味，做完就扔。但这里的练习环节融入了大量的“语用挑战”。比如，它会给出一个非常口语化、略带歧义的对话片段，要求你根据上下文判断说话者的真实意图，并用最合适的语法结构来复述这个意图。这种练习模式极大地锻炼了我的“反应速度”和“语感捕捉能力”。再比如，有些题目会让你扮演不同的角色，用不同的敬语等级来回应同一个请求，这迫使你必须时刻关注人际关系和情境的微妙变化。对于自学者来说，缺乏及时的反馈和纠错机制往往是最大的障碍，而这本书的答案解析部分做得极为详尽，它不仅给出了正确答案，更重要的是，它会清晰地解释为什么其他选项是错误的，并指出错误选项在语法结构上或语感上存在的问题。这种“全方位透视”的解析，让我感觉每做完一组练习，都像是进行了一次深入的语法诊断和矫正，效果远超单纯的刷题。

从深度和广度来看，这本书的覆盖面处理得非常精妙。它既没有为了讨好初学者而只停留在N5到N4的简单内容上，也没有一上来就陷入N2、N1的复杂句式泥潭。它的核心内容稳稳地立足于中级（N4到N3的过渡阶段），这个阶段恰恰是许多学习者感到迷茫、进步停滞的“平台期”。作者精准地捕捉到了这个阶段学习者的痛点，聚焦于那些看似简单却极易混淆的连接词、副词和使役、被动等复合表达。它对那些经常被忽视的细微差别的讲解，比如“ために”和“ので”在表达原因时的语气差异，或者“〜ようだ”和“〜らしい”在信息来源可信度上的区别，都做到了鞭辟入里，深入浅出。更难得的是，这本书还适当地引入了一些更高阶的语法结构作为“展望”，让学习者对未来的学习方向有所期待，保持了持续学习的动力。总而言之，它不是一本简单教会你“如何搭建积木”的书，而是教你“如何设计蓝图”的工具书，对于希望系统性、内化式掌握日语语法的学习者来说，绝对是案头必备的良伴。

这本书的封面设计就充满了日式的简洁与韵味，米白色背景上是手写体的书名，配上几笔淡雅的墨迹，让人一看就觉得内容会很扎实、不花哨。我最欣赏的是它对初学者非常友好的入门方式。不同于市面上那些堆砌复杂语法术语的书籍，它更像是请了一位经验丰富的老教师坐在你身边，用最生活化的例子来剖析那些初学者最容易混淆的语法点，比如助词“は”和“が”的微妙差异，或者敬语体系的层层递进。作者似乎深谙“授人以鱼不如授人以渔”的道理，并没有停留在单纯的“是什么”的解释上，而是深入剖析了“为什么会这样”的底层逻辑。比如在讲解动词变形时，它会追溯到古日语的演变脉络，让原本枯燥的规则学习变得像在探索语言的历史，一下子就有了画面感。而且，书中的例句选择非常贴合现代日本社会的实际交流场景，读起来不觉得是陈旧的课本腔调，而是真真切切能用在日常对话中的。我尤其喜欢它在每一章末尾设置的“文化角”小栏目，用简短的篇幅解释了某个语法点背后隐藏的日本社会文化观念，这极大地提升了学习的深度和趣味性，让学习不再是机械的记忆，而是一种文化的浸入。

说实话，我过去尝试过好几本日语语法书，但都因为内容过于学术化或者插图插得太多而半途而废。这本《Making Sense of Japanese Grammar》则完全不同，它保持了一种恰到好处的平衡。排版极其干净利落，大量的留白处理让眼睛得到了休息，关键信息点都被用粗体或不同的颜色做了明确的强调，重点突出，查找起来非常方便，完全不像一本工具书，更像是一本精心制作的阅读材料。我尤其赞赏它对于“语境”的重视。语法规则从来都不是孤立存在的，这本书反复强调了在不同情境下，同一句型可以产生的细微语感差异。它不会武断地下结论说“这个用法只用于A情况”，而是会列举出A、B、C三种情境，并解释在这个语境下使用这个句型会带来怎样的语气色彩，是更委婉、更直接，还是更偏向书面语。这种对“言外之意”的挖掘，对于想从“会说”进阶到“说得地道”的学习者来说，简直是如获至宝。它教的不仅仅是“怎么说”，更是“日本人是怎么想的”。