In the decades following the American Civil War and leading up to the First World War, a definitive shift in power took place between Spain and the United States. This original book explores American artists' perceptions of Spain during this period of turmoil and demonstrates how their responses to Spanish art helped to answer emerging, complex questions about American national identity. M. Elizabeth Boone focuses on works by Thomas Eakins, Mary Cassatt, William Merritt Chase, John Singer Sargent, Robert Henri, and other American artists who travelled to Spain to study the achievements of such great masters as Murillo, Velazquez, and Goya. The resulting American paintings, some well-known and others now largely forgotten, provide intriguing insights not only into the nineteenth-century American struggle to define itself as an imperial power but also into the relations between the United States and the Spanish-speaking world today.