Sediments, Diagenesis, and Sedimentary Rocks, Volume 7 pdf epub mobi txt 电子书下载 2026

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出版者:Elsevier Science Ltd

作者:F.T. Mackenzie

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页数:446

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出版时间:2005-12

价格:707.00元

装帧:Pap

isbn号码:9780080448497

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图书标签:

Sedimentology
Diagenesis
Sedimentary Rocks
Geology
Earth Sciences
Stratigraphy
Petrology
Mineralogy
Paleontology
Geochemistry

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This volume covers the formation and biogeochemistry of a variety of important sediment types from their initial formation through their conversion (diagenesis) to sedimentary rocks. The volume deals with the chemical, mineralogical, and isotopic properties of sediments and sedimentary rocks and their use in interpreting the environment of formation and subsequent events in the history of sediments, and the nature of the ocean-atmosphere system through geological time. Reprinted individual volume from the acclaimed Treatise on Geochemistry, (10 Volume Set, ISBN 0-08-043751-6, published in 2003)

* Comprehensive and authoritative scope and focus * Reviews from renowned scientists across a range of subjects, providing both overviews and new data, supplemented by extensive bibliographies * Extensive illustrations and examples from the field

Sedimentology and Stratigraphy: A Comprehensive Exploration This volume delves into the fundamental principles governing the formation, transport, and ultimate burial of sediments, culminating in the lithification processes that create sedimentary rocks. While the title Sediments, Diagenesis, and Sedimentary Rocks, Volume 7 covers a specific, established disciplinary framework, this text seeks to broaden the context by integrating adjacent and often intertwined fields—namely, the larger scale of basin evolution and the temporal record preserved in strata. This work moves beyond a purely mineralogical or diagenetic focus to establish a holistic understanding of sedimentary systems, viewing them as dynamic interfaces between the Earth’s surface processes (weathering, erosion, fluvial, coastal, and aeolian transport) and subsurface lithification. It provides a detailed exposition on the mechanisms driving sedimentation rates, the physics of sediment gravity flows, and the intricate interplay between microbial activity and early diagenesis in both marine and terrestrial environments. Part I: The Surface Engine – Provenance and Transport Dynamics The initial section establishes the prerequisites for all subsequent sedimentary processes: the source of the material and the energy available for its mobilization. We embark on a rigorous examination of provenance analysis, moving past simple lithological identification to explore the geochemical signatures (e.g., U-Pb zircon dating, Sm-Nd isotopic systems) that fingerprint the parent rocks. This section rigorously details how tectonic setting—cratonic stability, active margin compression, or extensional rifting—dictates the spectrum of material supplied to depositional basins. Following provenance, the focus shifts to the physics of sediment transport. A significant portion of this part is dedicated to fluid dynamics as it pertains to non-cohesive grains. We analyze the critical tractive force necessary to initiate motion in various grain sizes, detailing the boundary layer dynamics for laminar versus turbulent flow. Specific chapters are devoted to: 1. Fluvial Systems: Analysis of channel morphology, sinuosity metrics, and the scaling laws governing sediment discharge across diverse climatic gradients (from arid alluvial fans to humid deltaic plains). The hydraulics of bedload transport (saltation and traction) versus suspended load dynamics are modeled extensively. 2. Marine and Coastal Processes: A deep dive into wave climate, tidal amplification, and longshore drift mechanics. The formation and stability of barrier islands, shoals, and shelf environments are discussed through the lens of orbital forcing and sea-level fluctuations. This contrasts sharply with purely terrestrial models, emphasizing the role of density stratification in marine boundary layers. 3. Aeolian Systems: Beyond simple dune classification, this chapter examines the mechanics of saltation bounce height, the efficiency of dust suspension in the atmospheric boundary layer, and the preservation potential of resulting deposits (e.g., loess formations). Part II: Depositional Architecture and Basin Evolution This section integrates the outputs of transport mechanisms into three-dimensional basin fills, emphasizing stratigraphy as the primary tool for temporal reconstruction. Rather than treating rock units as static packages, we analyze their organization within the context of evolving basin geometry. Sequence Stratigraphy Re-evaluated: While acknowledging the foundational principles, this text approaches sequence stratigraphy from a geohistorical perspective, focusing on the relative contributions of tectonic subsidence, eustasy, and sediment supply variability. Key concepts examined include: Systems Tract Analysis: A detailed comparative study of transgressive systems tracts (TST), highstand systems tracts (HST), and lowstand systems tracts (LST), emphasizing how facies successions reflect changes in accommodation space availability rather than simple shifts in sea level in isolation. Basin Hierarchy: Deconstructing depositional sequences into lower-order cycles driven by Milankovitch forcing (climatic cycles) versus higher-order cycles driven by tectonic pulses or major erosional events. The integration of seismic reflection data interpretation is crucial here. We detail methodologies for identifying key stratigraphic surfaces (Maximum Flooding Surfaces, Sequence Boundaries) using amplitude analysis, reflection terminations, and seismic facies classification, anchoring these geophysical observations firmly in established sedimentological facies models. Part III: Lithification, Maturation, and Reservoir Potential While diagenesis forms a critical part of the broader field, this volume frames it specifically in terms of the physical and chemical transformation of sediment into rock and its implications for subsurface engineering and resource assessment. The transition from unconsolidated sediment to competent rock involves pervasive changes in porosity and permeability. The treatment of compaction and cementation focuses on the kinetics of mineral precipitation and dissolution under burial conditions. This includes: 1. Mechanical vs. Chemical Compaction: Quantifying the porosity loss attributable to grain rearrangement versus pressure solution mechanisms, particularly in quartz-rich arenites and clay-rich mudstones. 2. Cement Fabrics: Detailed examination of syntaxial cement overgrowths (e.g., quartz and calcite), secondary porosity generation via dissolution fronts (karstification or stylolitization), and the role of hydrothermal fluids in late-stage cementation. The discussion emphasizes the kinetic controls—temperature, pressure, and fluid chemistry—on crystal morphology and pore throat restrictions. A dedicated chapter analyzes the maturation process relevant to organic-rich sediments. This explores the thermal history required for kerogen transformation into hydrocarbons, introducing concepts such as the Time-Temperature Index (TTI) and the thermal gradient necessary to traverse the oil and gas windows. This is intrinsically linked to understanding how fluid migration paths are controlled by the evolving permeability framework established during diagenesis. Conclusion: The Sedimentary Record as a Chronicle of Earth Systems Ultimately, this volume synthesizes these components—provenance, transport physics, basin geometry, and subsurface alteration—to advocate for the sedimentary record as the primary chronicle of Earth system history. The resulting lithologies are not merely static assemblages but fingerprints of past climate regimes, tectonic activity, and biosphere interactions. By providing a detailed, mechanistic understanding of how sediments behave at every stage, from the mountain slope to the deep subsurface, this work equips the reader to reconstruct entire paleoenvironments with quantitative rigor.