From Slaves to Prisoners of War 2024 pdf epub mobi 电子书

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From Slaves to Prisoners of War 2024 pdf epub mobi 电子书著者简介

Will Smiley is a historian of the Middle East and of international and Islamic law, with a particular interest in the Ottoman Empire. He is Assistant Professor of History and Humanities at Reed College in Portland, Oregon. He received his PhD from the University of Cambridge and his JD from Yale Law School, and previously held fellowships in Near Eastern Studies at Princeton University, and in Legal History at New York University.

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发表于2024-12-01

From Slaves to Prisoners of War 2024 pdf epub mobi 电子书

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出版者:OUP Oxford

作者:Will Smiley

出品人:

页数:304

译者:

出版时间:2018-9-13

价格:GBP 65.00

装帧:Hardcover

isbn号码:9780198785415

丛书系列:

图书标签: 奥斯曼帝国战争法国际法

From Slaves to Prisoners of War 2024 pdf epub mobi 电子书图书描述

The Ottoman-Russian wars of the eighteenth century reshaped the map of Eurasia and the Middle East, but they also birthed a novel concept--the prisoner of war. For centuries, hundreds of thousands of captives, civilians and soldiers alike, crossed the legal and social boundaries of these empires, destined for either ransom or enslavement. But in the eighteenth century, the Ottoman state and its Russian rival, through conflict and diplomacy, worked out a new system of regional international law. Ransom was abolished; soldiers became prisoners of war; and some slaves gained new paths to release, while others were left entirely unprotected. These rules delineated sovereignty, redefined individuals' relationships to states, and prioritized political identity over economic value. In the process, the Ottomans marked out a parallel, non-Western path toward elements of modern international law. Yet this was not a story of European imposition or imitation-the Ottomans acted for their own reasons, maintaining their commitment to Islamic law. For a time even European empires played by these rules, until they were subsumed into the codified global law of war in the late nineteenth century. This story offers new perspectives on the histories of the Ottoman and Russian Empires, of slavery, and of international law.

From Slaves to Prisoners of War 2024 pdf epub mobi 电子书

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按照早期近代奥斯曼边疆的传统规则，战俘一般被视为奴隶，士兵有权把战俘卖给私人，或者索取赎金。这种状况是在18世纪初开始改变的。最初是在奥斯曼与伊朗之间，然后又在奥斯曼与俄国之间，开始执行无赎金的无条件战俘交换。这种交换的最大挑战，是把本由士兵俘获或卖出的战俘，集中收集到国家机构手中管理，并在战后集中交换。18世纪的奥斯曼逐步成功建立了这一集中收集管理战俘的系统，并在与俄国的互动中发展出了一套独特的区域性战俘国际法，如皈依者不遣返，判断皈依的标准（从割礼到自愿声明），海盗的地位，敌军中的中立国籍者的地位，等等。这套规则后来扩展到了奥斯曼与哈布斯堡，英法的战俘处置中，并早于西方国家把自己的人道主义优越感推广东地中海。

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