Claude Lefort (1924-2010) taught at the University of Sao Paulo, the Sorbonne, and the Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales. His books include The Political Forms of Modern So-ciety: Bureaucracy, Democracy, Totalitarianism (1986), Democracy and Political Theory (1989), Writing: The Political Test (2000), and Complications: Communism and the Dilemmas of Democ-racy (2007).

Le travail de l'oeuvre Machiavel by Claude Lefort is more than a secondary source on the thought of Machiavelli. On the one hand, it is a very important point in the development of his thought. An understanding of Lefort's interpretation of Machiavelli is essential for understanding the theory of democracy and totalitarianism that he will develop in his later work. On the other hand, this book has become a classic interpretation of the work of the Florentine. Lefort tells us that he does not desire to produce a definitive reading of Machiavelli's thought, rather he wishes to enter into a dialogue with Machiavelli and the other readers of this thought. For Lefort, these various interpretations of Machiavelli become an integral part of Le travail de l'oeuvre Machiavel; he does not attempt to stand over Machiavelli's thought and view it objectively, rather he desires to enter into its fecundity. First, he wishes to extricate Machiavelli's thought from the dominant interpretations of him as the founder of "objective" political science which, having liberated itself from the religious and moralizing tendencies of Medieval political thought, attempts to arrive at a realistic discourse on the operations of raw power. While Lefort is sensitive to the novelty of the thought of Machiavelli, this novelty does not consist of a movement outside of all representations of power, in order to arrive at a thought of power as a sort of "thing-in-itself."According to him, Machiavelli's discourse opens the "place of the political" which had previously been occupied by theology and morality, however, the political is itself a place of representation.