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Gerd Gigerenzer is Director at the Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin.

Reinhard Selten is Professor at the University of Bonn. He is a cowinner of the 1994 Nobel Prize in Economics.

出版者:MIT Press

作者:Gerd Gigerenzer

出品人:

頁數:394

译者:

出版時間:2002-7

價格:GBP 28.79

裝幀:Paperback

isbn號碼:9780262571647

叢書系列:

圖書標籤:

心理學
思維
決策與判斷
有限理性
人工智能
判斷與決策
決策
機器學習

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In a complex and uncertain world, humans and animals make decisions under the constraints of limited knowledge, resources, and time. Yet models of rational decision making in economics, cognitive science, biology, and other fields largely ignore these real constraints and instead assume agents with perfect information and unlimited time. About forty years ago, Herbert Simon challenged this view with his notion of "bounded rationality." Today, bounded rationality has become a fashionable term used for disparate views of reasoning.

This book promotes bounded rationality as the key to understanding how real people make decisions. Using the concept of an "adaptive toolbox," a repertoire of fast and frugal rules for decision making under uncertainty, it attempts to impose more order and coherence on the idea of bounded rationality. The contributors view bounded rationality neither as optimization under constraints nor as the study of people?s reasoning fallacies. The strategies in the adaptive toolbox dispense with optimization and, for the most part, with calculations of probabilities and utilities. The book extends the concept of bounded rationality from cognitive tools to emotions; it analyzes social norms, imitation, and other cultural tools as rational strategies; and it shows how smart heuristics can exploit the structure of environments.

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限理性不是非理性，因而不能放在與傳統的理性思想體係相對立的位置上來理解。它不包含任何貶義的或是低等的意味！有限理性也不是受限製條件下的最優化，因而不是與傳統最優化思想相比次優的選擇！它不是受限製條件下無可奈何的將就之舉！有限理性是人類和動物適應自然和社會環境的現實、穩定、可靠的資源，正是基於這種資源，有機體形成瞭應對外部世界的各種各樣的策略、規則、方法和手段，它們構成瞭所謂的“適應性工具箱”。適應性工具箱中的工具是具有適應性的，也就是說，它們是能夠很好地擬閤或匹配於現實自然或社會環境的（即具有生態閤理性），這已經被進化的、個體發生發展的、社會文化演進的大量證據所證明。可以說，人類的整個進化史、發展史就是有限理性驅動和推進的曆史！從這種意義上說，有限理性不僅是閤理的，而且是現實的！換一個角度看

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