Should governments and corporations be limited in their electronic monitoring of personal e-mails, library activities, and telephone calls -- even in the name of national security? Does science have a moral obligation to resist political influence -- even if it means stalling research? Moral teachings and ethical questions about the creation and use of science and technology have been a part of religious and philosophical traditions from the earliest periods. Science and technology have faced a series of ethical and political challenges throughout much of modern history, from the Enlightenment, through the Industrial Revolution, to the military and ideological conflicts that defined the 20th century. Today, the challenges are more global in scope. New fields of ethical reflection -- computer ethics, environmental ethics, communication ethics, genethics -- are emerging to deal with the world that science and technology have created. "The Encyclopedia of Science, Technology, and Ethics" considers both the professional ethics of science and technology, and the ethical and political issues raised by science and technology in an increasingly complex and global society. This broad coverage supports the numerous courses in applied and professional ethics and policy related to the practice of science and technology in education. Additionally, it provides a practical introduction to useful knowledge and ideas for both professionals and general readers. The "Encyclopedia" embodies a historically and culturally inclusive approach, with entries on specific religions, linguistic and cultural perspectives, and philosophical positions.