詹姆斯·布坎南（James McGill Buchanan，1919— ），公共選擇理論創始人之一，1986年諾貝爾經濟學奬得主，著有《同意的計算》（與戈登·塔洛剋閤著，1958）、《民主財政論》（1967）、《成本與選擇》（1969）、《自由的限度》（與羅伯特·托利森閤著，1975）、《赤字中的民主》（與理查德·瓦格納閤著，1971）、《自由、市場與國傢》（1985）、《憲政經濟學》（與傑佛瑞·布倫南閤著，1985）、《財産與自由》（1993）等。

James M. Buchanan himself speaks of “my little book, Cost and Choice.” Cost and Choice is indeed small in size, but, systematically, it holds quite a central place in Buchanan’s work. For the fundamental economic notion of “cost,” or “opportunity cost,” is intimately related to the Buchanan enterprise. As a subjectivist, Buchanan insists that opportunity cost exist only in the “eye of the beholder” as envisioned “alternatives” that are never brought into existence. As a methodological individualist, Buchanan believes that opportunity costs cannot be measured in terms of a collective welfare functional aggregating utility foregone across persons.

Similar views in theories of cost have been developed and expressed since the 1930s at the London School of Economics by scholars such as Lionel Robbins, F. A. Hayek, Ronald Coase, and Jack Wiseman. These theories, for systematic as well as personal reasons, have quite strong links to even older theories of the so-called Austrian economists. However, though acknowledging and supporting the Austrian contribution in the socialist calculation debate with arguments based on his own concept of cost, Buchanan distances himself somewhat from the Austrians. Avoiding what he regards as the “arrogance of the eccentric,” Buchanan makes a serious effort to integrate his views into the orthodox classical and neoclassical framework. Therefore the discussion in Cost and Choice starts with Adam Smith’s famous deer-beaver example. In the particularly simple “one-factor” setting of that example, subjective opportunity costs are themselves “explained” by objective transformation rates. Because everybody can transform two deer into one beaver and vice versa, any divergence between the transformation and the exchange rate should eventually be washed out by the choices that rational decision makers make in view of the opportunity costs of their decisions. But what about more complicated settings?

Cost and Choice addresses this issue. When publishing the book, Buchanan clearly hoped that other scholars might follow him in his effort to build a new research tradition in economic analysis around a thorough understanding of the opportunity-cost concept. However, despite Buchanan’s serious efforts to communicate his profound insights on the nature of “cost and choice” and to relate these insights to mainstream neoclassical economics, a look at the Social Science Citation Index indicates that he did not succeed in this regard. This relative neglect of the theoretical underpinnings of Buchanan’s economic worldview as presented in Cost and Choice is somewhat strange. After all, specific applications of his general views to problems of public economics were much better received and, in fact, enormously influential. In any event, it might be good policy and arguments to consider more seriously their general foundations as laid out in Cost and Choice. The republication of Cost and Choice clearly reduced the costs of doing just and offers ample opportunity to go back to the roots of economics.

Hartmut Kliemt

University of Duisburg

1998