Acknowledgments. ix
Introduction. 1
- The Twelfth-Century Candrakirti. 4
- School, Movement, Doxographical Category. 10
1. The Indian Discovery of Candrakīrti. 17
- Reviving Candrakīrti's Critique of Ultimate Valid Cognition. 21
- Candrakīrti and Tantra. 27
- Resurrecting Candrakīrti, Creating Prāsaṅgika. 36
2. The Birth of Prāsaṅgika. 41
- Territory and Translations in Tibet's Later Diffusion. 42
- Ngok and Patsab: Textual Ownership and Competing Communities. 45
- Texts in Conflict and the Scholastic Solution. 52
- Conclusion: Prāsaṅgika and Svātantrika Schools. 60
3. Taxonomies of Ignorance, Debates on Validity. 63
- Mistaken Mind, Deceptive Mind. 66
- Jayānanda's Two Truths. 71
- Levels of Validity. 78
- Conclusion: Competing Schools of Philosophy, Unified Religious Vision. 82
4. What Can Be Said About the Ineffable? 87
- The Prāsaṅgika Ultimate. 88
- Chapa's Ultimate. 92
- Almost the Ultimate. 99
- Conclusion: The Importance of the Ultimate. 110
5. Prāsaṅgika vs. Svātantrika on Non-Abiding Nirvāṇa. 111
- "Knowing" the Ultimate: Transformation in the Absence of Mind. 112
- Making a Blind Buddha See. 120
- Svātantrika Solutions to Buddha Vision. 122
- Conclusion: Madhyamaka Nirvāṇa. 132
Conclusion: The Prāsaṅgika victory. 135
Materials: The arguments against Prasaṅgas and for Svatantra inference in Chapa Chokyi Senge's Compilation of the Three Mādhyamikas from the East. 139
- Refuting a Real Entity. 141
1. Debunking that consequences negate the object of negation. 141
2. The way of refuting proliferations through inference. 166
Notes. 171
Bibliography. 243
Index. 261
About the author. 292
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