List of Figures ix
List of Tables xi
Acknowledgments xiii
Chapter 1: Beyond Economism 1
Our Argument 5
The Cases 10
Alternative Accounts 15
The Chapters 18
Chapter 2: Building an Encompassing Community of Fate and Winning Consent 22
Leaders, Governance, and Organizational Performance 25
Modeling Organizational Scope and Governance 28
From Leadership Rents to Organizational Governance Institutions 38
Summary and Conclusions 43
Appendix 45
Chapter 3: Pork, Perks, and Predation 53
International Brotherhood of Teamsters (IBT) 55
The ILA 71
Discussion 77
Chapter 4: An Injury to Anyone Is an Injury to All 79
Commonalities Between the ILWU and WWF 80
ILWU 84
WWF 103
Tension between Political and Industrial Commitments 113
Continuity Over Time 114
Conclusion 118
Chapter 5: Managing Heterogeneity 120
Managing the Heterogeneity of Locals 121
Managing Individual Heterogeneity 135
Conclusion 152
Chapter 6: Provoking Preferences 155
The Literature 157
Preference Provocation 162
Evidence of Preference Provocation 168
Evidence of Contingent Consent 181
Conclusions 183
Chapter 7: Political Attitudes and Behavior among ILWU Members, with Amanda B. Clayton 185
Employment, Compensation, and Shipping Volumes on the U.S. West Coast 187
International Trade and Public Opinion 189
The ILWU's Organizational Principles and International Trade 192
ILWU Members' and Affiliates' Attitudes Toward Trade 199
ILWU Affiliates' Political Behavior 212
Robustness Considerations 216
Conclusion 219
Appendices 220
Chapter 8: Signaling Solidarity? 230
Bargaining, Strikes, and Politics 233
The ILWU 238
The WWF 251
Conclusion 256
Appendix 259
Chapter 9: Conclusions and Implications 261
Union Behavior 262
Other Membership Organizations 265
Firms 268
The State 269
Other Implications 272
Communities of Fate 276
Bibliography 279
Index 303
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