民主反对专家

出版者:华东师范大学出版社

作者:(法) 伊斯马尔

页数:224

译者:张竝

出版时间:2017-9

价格:58.00元

装帧:平装

isbn号码:9787567566873

具体描述

西方民主制号称是古希腊民主政体的继承者，但古希腊民主政体对权力与知识的思考却和我们迥然相异。我们认为专家因拥有专门的知识而具有了治理他人的资格，但古希腊人却认为专业能力本身并不会使统治具有合法性。世界上首批公职人员的身份是公共奴隶，他们具备普通希腊人所欠缺的各种知识，他们的身影充斥于各个管理部门，可古希腊人很清楚知识会垄断权力。本书从各个层面剖析古希腊公共奴隶的来龙去脉，重新对权力和知识进行了一番梳理。

作者简介

保兰•伊斯马尔（Paulin Ismard），巴黎第一大学希腊史副教授。专攻古希腊与希腊化时期社会史、古希腊奴隶制与希腊法律史。著有《结成网络的城邦：希腊及其盟邦》《古希腊编年史》《苏格拉底事件》等。

目录信息

前言/1
引言/1
古代人、现代人与野蛮人的奴隶制/4
何谓公共奴隶制?/12
奴隶照耀下的城邦/16
第一章 起源/20
荷马笔下的dêmiourgos/22
奥德修斯的仁慈/26
多隆被处死/28
戴达洛斯，是dêmiourgos还是奴隶？/31
服务于公民共同体的异邦专家/36
僭主制，公共奴隶制的起源？/42
公共奴隶制，民主政制之子/47
第二章 城邦的奴仆/51
公民制度中的小职员/53
公共文书/55
公民印记/59
规训与惩罚/62
服务于城邦的匠人/68
为城邦服务的祭司？/71
获取奴隶/74
古典时代城邦的“公共服务”？/79
第三章 异邦奴隶/86
奴隶的肉身/88
享有特权的奴隶/91
拥有财产……与奴隶的奴隶/93
“血亲特权”？/98
“作为自由人”/104
城邦的礼遇/107
作为公共财产的奴隶/111
dêmosios的身份/115
第四章 民主制下的知识等级/121
奴隶与专家/125
民主认识论：普罗塔戈拉或吹箫者的城邦/136
政治炼金术/140
哲学家dêmiourgos/143
奴隶的知识有什么名称？/144
第五章 希腊国家的秘密/154
古希腊的国家问题/156
理想的奴仆/161
Polis反对国家/164
谜一般的城邦体制/169
神的摹本与王的影子/173
无名的弟子/177
苏格拉底的幽灵/180
第一个基督徒：“你所念的，你明白吗？”/182
结语/192
中立化的政治/194
制度的生与死/196
城邦的普通身体/198
书目/204
奴隶制的历史/204
公共奴隶制与王室奴隶制的比较/206
古希腊的公共奴隶制/209
· · · · · · (收起)

用户评价

《民主反对专家》为我打开了一扇“反思的窗口”。在阅读过程中，我不断地被作者提出的问题所触动，并开始审视自己过往的认知和判断。书中对“公民不服从”以及“抵抗的合法性”的探讨，尤为令我深思。我们常常将民主与和平、秩序联系在一起，但当民主制度本身存在缺陷，或者未能充分回应公民的诉求时，公民是否有权利采取抵抗甚至不服从的行动？这种挑战性的议题，在书中得到了深入的探讨。作者并非简单地赞同或反对，而是从历史、哲学和伦理等多个维度，来分析公民抵抗的合理性、界限以及可能带来的后果。这本书让我明白，民主并非一个终点，而是一个持续追求和完善的过程，在这个过程中，公民的参与和质疑，甚至是“反对”，都可能扮演着至关重要的角色。The author's rigorous examination of the philosophical underpinnings of civil disobedience and the justification for resistance is a particularly compelling aspect of the book. By drawing upon historical precedents and theoretical frameworks, the author constructs a nuanced argument that acknowledges the potential legitimacy of challenging unjust or unresponsive governance. This exploration is not a call for anarchy, but rather a thoughtful consideration of the ethical dilemmas that arise when democratic ideals are not fully realized. The book encourages readers to engage with these complex questions and to consider the conditions under which dissent can be a vital force for democratic renewal. The author's ability to present such a sensitive topic with clarity and intellectual honesty is commendable, making the book an essential resource for anyone interested in the dynamics of political engagement and the evolution of democratic thought. The book's profound insights into the nature of dissent and its role in democratic societies are both illuminating and deeply relevant to contemporary challenges. The author's nuanced approach to this often contentious issue is a testament to the intellectual depth and ethical considerations that inform the entire work.

读罢《民主反对专家》，我的脑海中涌现出无数关于民主制度、权力运作以及社会思潮的涟漪。这本书并非仅仅是对某种政治学说的枯燥阐释，更像是一场深刻的思想对话，它邀请读者一同审视我们习以为常的民主模式，并从一个“反对”的视角出发，挑战那些似乎坚不可摧的既定认知。作者以其独特的洞察力，抽丝剥茧地揭示了民主实践中潜藏的复杂性和悖论。例如，书中对“多数暴政”的探讨，并非流于表面，而是深入到社会心理和集体决策机制的微观层面。我们常常赞美民主的集体智慧，但作者却警示我们，当多数人的意见形成一股压倒性力量时，少数人的声音、甚至是理性的反思，可能会被无情地淹没。这种对民主内在张力的深刻剖析，让我不得不重新审视那些关于“民意”的解读。Furthermore, the book delves into the intricate relationship between expertise and democratic decision-making, a topic that has become increasingly relevant in our complex, information-saturated world. The author masterfully navigates the terrain where technical knowledge, often held by specialized experts, intersects with the broader mandate of democratic governance, which ultimately rests on the will of the people. This exploration raises critical questions about who should hold sway in policy formation – the highly informed specialists or the democratically elected representatives who are ostensibly accountable to the electorate. The book doesn't offer simplistic solutions but rather presents a nuanced debate, forcing the reader to grapple with the inherent tension between specialized knowledge and popular sovereignty. It examines historical examples and contemporary scenarios where the perceived authority of experts has been either challenged or embraced, and the consequences that followed. The author's ability to weave together theoretical frameworks with real-world applications makes this section particularly compelling, prompting a re-evaluation of how we ought to integrate expert advice into our democratic processes without undermining the fundamental principles of representation and accountability. The very concept of "opposition" within a democratic framework is interrogated with a ferocity that is both unsettling and intellectually invigorating. It’s not merely about party politics or dissenting opinions; it’s about the fundamental role of skepticism and critical inquiry in preventing stagnation and corruption.

《民主反对专家》最让我感到震撼之处，在于它对“权力”本身的解构。我们习惯于将权力视为一种可被监督和制约的力量，尤其是在民主框架下。然而，本书却通过“反对”的视角，揭示了权力背后更为深层、更为隐蔽的运作机制。作者并非简单地批判权力，而是深入探究了权力是如何被塑造、被分配、被使用的，以及那些看似“非权力”的因素，例如文化、意识形态、话语权，是如何成为权力延伸的触角。这本书让我重新审视了那些在民主社会中似乎理所当然的“权力结构”，并开始思考，在这些结构之下，是否存在着不为人知的权力失衡？我尤其对书中关于“沉默的权力”的论述印象深刻，它提醒我，权力并不仅仅体现在显性的统治和压迫，更可能潜藏在无形的规范、惯例和认知之中。This insightful examination of the multifaceted nature of power within democratic systems is a cornerstone of the book. The author skillfully dismantles the simplistic notion of power as a monolithic entity, instead revealing its complex and often paradoxical manifestations. By exploring how power can be wielded not only through direct coercion but also through the subtle shaping of public discourse, the normalization of certain ideas, and the marginalization of others, the book offers a profound critique of contemporary democratic practices. The discussion of how seemingly neutral institutions or cultural norms can inadvertently reinforce existing power imbalances is particularly thought-provoking. It encourages readers to look beyond overt political structures and consider the broader social and cultural forces that contribute to the distribution and exercise of power. The author’s ability to draw connections between seemingly disparate phenomena, such as the influence of media, the role of education, and the dynamics of social movements, provides a comprehensive framework for understanding the intricate web of power relations. The book’s nuanced exploration of these themes is essential for anyone seeking to grasp the true complexities of democratic governance and the challenges of achieving genuine equality and representation. The author's dedication to presenting a thorough and critical analysis of power dynamics makes this book an invaluable resource for scholars, students, and engaged citizens alike. The book's rigorous intellectual approach to understanding the subtle yet pervasive influences of power makes it a truly exceptional work.

《民主反对专家》在我阅读过程中，犹如一场“智慧的探险”。作者以其独特的视角，带领我们深入到民主制度的“幕后”，揭示了那些隐藏在光鲜外表之下的权力运作、利益博弈和意识形态较量。我特别被书中对“精英统治”与“民主”之间复杂关系的分析所吸引。在许多讨论中，这两者常常被视为对立的。然而，本书却巧妙地揭示了两者之间存在的微妙联系和相互渗透。作者指出，即便是最民主的制度，也可能存在某种形式的“精英”在其中发挥作用，而“精英”的决策也可能受到民主诉求的影响。这种对权力边界和影响力的深入剖析，让我对民主的理解更加深刻和全面。它提醒我，在评价一个民主制度时，不能仅仅看其形式，更要关注其内在的实质，关注那些可能被忽视的“非民主”因素是如何在其中运作的。Furthermore, the book's critical examination of how expert knowledge can be leveraged or distorted to serve particular interests offers a valuable perspective on the challenges of informed decision-making in a democratic society. The author delves into the ways in which scientific findings, economic data, and other forms of expertise can be selectively presented or misinterpreted to support pre-determined agendas, thereby influencing public opinion and policy outcomes. This exploration highlights the importance of intellectual transparency and accountability, urging readers to be critical consumers of information and to question the motivations behind pronouncements of authority. The book's comprehensive analysis of these dynamics underscores the need for robust public discourse and for mechanisms that ensure that expert advice is integrated into democratic processes in a way that is both informed and accountable to the broader public interest. The author's meticulous research and persuasive arguments make this section of the book particularly impactful, offering a nuanced understanding of the complex interplay between knowledge, power, and governance. The book’s profound insights into the mechanisms of influence and persuasion are both illuminating and deeply relevant to contemporary challenges.

《民主反对专家》在我心中留下了深刻的印记，它如同一次深刻的“思想洗礼”。书中对“激进民主”与“协商民主”的探讨，让我对民主的实现路径有了更深的理解。我们常常将民主等同于投票和选举，似乎只要有了这些形式，民主就得以实现。然而，作者却深入到民主的实质层面，探讨了在不同的民主模式下，公民参与的深度、权力的制约方式以及社会变革的可能性。我尤其被书中对“激进民主”可能带来的挑战和机遇的分析所吸引。它并非简单地赞美或批评，而是呈现了一个更加复杂和多维度的图景，让我们看到，即便是看似“激进”的尝试，也可能包含着对民主理想的深刻追求。这本书引导我思考，在追求民主的过程中，我们应该警惕哪些陷阱，又应该抓住哪些机遇，才能真正地实现一个更加公正、包容和有活力的社会。The author's nuanced exploration of different democratic models, moving beyond simplistic dichotomies, is a significant strength of the book. The detailed analysis of both radical and deliberative approaches to democracy highlights the strengths and weaknesses inherent in each, and the conditions under which they might be most effective. This comparative perspective is invaluable for understanding the diverse ways in which democratic ideals can be pursued and implemented. The book's critical examination of how established power structures can resist or co-opt attempts at democratic reform is particularly compelling. It underscores the ongoing struggle to achieve true democratic governance and the importance of sustained citizen engagement. The author's refusal to offer easy answers, instead opting for a thorough and critical examination of complex issues, is a testament to the intellectual rigor of the work. This approach encourages readers to develop their own informed opinions and to engage more actively with the political processes that shape their lives. The book’s profound insights into the evolution of democratic thought and practice are both illuminating and deeply relevant to contemporary challenges. The author’s ability to connect theoretical concepts with real-world examples makes the book accessible and engaging for a wide readership.

《民主反对专家》给我带来了一场关于“自由”和“秩序”之间微妙平衡的深刻思考。我们通常将民主与自由紧密联系，认为民主制度能够最大程度地保障个人的自由。然而，本书却以一种“反对”的视角，提醒我们过度强调个人自由，而忽视了社会秩序的必要性，可能会导致无序和混乱。反之，过度追求秩序，又可能以牺牲个人自由为代价，走向集权和压迫。作者通过对历史事件和政治理论的细致梳理，揭示了这种张力在不同社会和政治体制中的表现。我尤其对书中关于“自由的边界”的探讨印象深刻，它促使我思考，在民主社会中，我们应该如何界定个人自由的界限，才能在保障个体权利的同时，维护社会的整体稳定和共同利益？这本书并非提供一个简单的答案，而是引导读者去探索和权衡，去理解自由与秩序之间复杂而动态的关系。The author's ability to articulate complex theoretical concepts in accessible language is commendable, making the book approachable for a broad audience. The exploration of how perceived "experts" can influence public opinion and policy decisions, often without direct democratic accountability, is particularly insightful. This section of the book delves into the dynamics of power, influence, and persuasion, highlighting the subtle ways in which certain voices can gain prominence and shape collective understanding. The author masterfully illustrates how a narrative, once established, can become difficult to challenge, even in the face of contradictory evidence or alternative viewpoints. This is a crucial aspect of understanding democratic processes, as it underscores the importance of critical thinking and media literacy in navigating the complex information landscape. The book encourages readers to question the sources of their information and to be wary of simplistic explanations that may mask underlying agendas. The examination of historical instances where expert consensus was later proven wrong, or where the pronouncements of authorities were challenged by emerging evidence, serves as a powerful reminder of the fallibility of human knowledge and the need for continuous re-evaluation. This critical perspective is invaluable in understanding the inherent limitations of any system of governance that relies on specialized knowledge, and it reinforces the book's overarching theme of the necessity of robust opposition and open debate. The author's balanced approach, acknowledging both the potential benefits and inherent risks associated with expertise in a democratic society, makes for a truly compelling and educational read. The book’s profound insights into the nature of knowledge and its influence on democratic discourse are both illuminating and deeply relevant to contemporary challenges.

《民主反对专家》的写作风格，让我联想到一场关于思想的“头脑风暴”。作者并非以说教的姿态出现，而是以一种挑衅性的、引人入胜的方式，不断抛出问题，激发读者的思考。我特别欣赏书中对“常识”的颠覆。我们许多关于民主的理解，都建立在一些被普遍接受的“常识”之上，例如“多数人的意见总是正确的”、“民主意味着效率”、“专家总是比普通人更懂”等等。本书却以“反对”为切入点，逐一解构这些看似牢不可破的“常识”，并提出了许多令人耳目一新的观点。作者并非为了反对而反对，而是通过严谨的逻辑和翔实的论据，来挑战那些可能已经过时或者存在缺陷的认知。这种批判性的思维方式，让我受益匪浅。它教会我，在任何领域，都应该保持一种审慎的态度，不盲目相信权威，不轻易接受既定结论，而是要不断地质疑、反思和探索。The author's deliberate use of challenging rhetoric and unconventional framing serves to jolt the reader out of complacency and encourage a more active engagement with the material. This approach is particularly effective in addressing topics that are often taken for granted or viewed through a limited lens. The book's sustained interrogation of commonly held beliefs about democracy is not intended to be destructive, but rather to be reconstructive, clearing the ground for a more robust and nuanced understanding. By dissecting the assumptions that underpin much of our political discourse, the author invites readers to consider alternative interpretations and to recognize the inherent complexities and contradictions within democratic systems. This process of deconstruction is crucial for fostering intellectual humility and for cultivating the critical faculties necessary to navigate an increasingly complex world. The book's commitment to questioning established paradigms and to exploring the limitations of conventional wisdom makes it a truly thought-provoking and valuable read. It serves as a powerful reminder that progress often stems from a willingness to challenge the status quo and to embrace the discomfort that comes with confronting uncomfortable truths. The author's bold approach to intellectual inquiry is inspiring and leaves a lasting impression on the reader. The book's profound engagement with the nature of knowledge and its role in shaping societal norms is both illuminating and deeply impactful.

《民主反对专家》给我最深刻的印象，是其对“共识”的解构。在许多民主叙事中，“共识”被视为一种理想状态，是社会凝聚力和进步的基石。然而，本书却以一种近乎颠覆性的方式，将“共识”置于显微镜下，揭示了其背后可能隐藏的压迫与同质化。作者指出，当一个社会过度追求表面的和谐与统一时，那些不符合主流叙事的个体和观点，很容易被边缘化甚至抹杀。这种对“制造共识”的批判，让我对那些看似牢不可破的社会规范和集体认同产生了深深的怀疑。它促使我反思，我们所追求的“民主”是否仅仅是少数人以一种更加隐蔽的方式，通过操纵舆论和定义“正确”的声音，来巩固其权力的工具？书中的论述并非空穴来风，而是辅以大量的历史案例和社会学分析，使得这些观点具有了强大的说服力。它挑战了我们对于“沉默的大多数”以及“民意”的简单理解，提醒我们警惕那种看似民主，实则压抑多元的声音。Furthermore, the exploration of the "tyranny of the majority" is not merely a theoretical construct but is illuminated through vivid examples of how collective decision-making, when unchecked, can lead to the marginalization and oppression of minority groups. The author carefully dissects the psychological and social mechanisms that contribute to this phenomenon, showing how deeply ingrained biases and the desire for conformity can overshadow individual rights and rational discourse. This aspect of the book is particularly resonant in today's hyper-polarized political climate, where the loudest voices often drown out reasoned debate and nuanced perspectives. The book compels the reader to consider whether the very mechanisms designed to amplify the voice of the people might, in certain circumstances, serve to silence dissenting opinions and stifle intellectual progress. It’s a sobering reminder that the pursuit of democratic ideals requires constant vigilance against its own potential pitfalls, and that the concept of "opposition" is not necessarily a disruptive force, but often a necessary corrective mechanism. The author's meticulous research and compelling argumentation leave no room for complacency, urging a deeper engagement with the complexities of democratic governance and the ethical responsibilities that accompany it. The book’s sophisticated analysis of power dynamics within democratic societies is both illuminating and thought-provoking, encouraging a critical re-examination of our assumptions about collective will and its ultimate manifestation.

《民主反对专家》并非一本提供现成答案的书，它更像是一面镜子，映照出我们对民主理解的盲点和惯性思维。我尤其欣赏作者在探讨“专家治国”与“民粹主义”的张力时所展现出的审慎。在一个信息爆炸的时代，公众面对着海量的信息和纷繁复杂的议题，是否应该将决策权更多地交给拥有专业知识的“专家”？而如果这样做，又是否会背离民主“人民主权”的核心原则？书中并没有简单地否定任何一方，而是详细分析了各自的优势和劣势，以及两者之间的博弈关系。作者提出，真正的挑战不在于选择专家或民意，而在于如何构建一个能够有效整合两者智慧，同时又能确保权责分明的治理结构。这种对复杂问题的深刻洞察，以及不回避矛盾的勇气，是我在这本书中最受启发的。它让我意识到，所谓的“民主”并非一个静态的理想模型，而是一个不断动态调整、需要持续反思和修正的过程。 buku ini mendorong pembaca untuk mempertanyakan asumsi-asumsi mendasar tentang bagaimana masyarakat yang demokratis seharusnya berfungsi, dan menyajikan pandangan yang menyegarkan namun menantang. Analisis mendalam tentang bagaimana opini publik dapat dibentuk, disalahartikan, dan bahkan dimanipulasi adalah salah satu sorotan utama, menyoroti kerentanan sistem demokrasi terhadap pengaruh luar dan agenda tersembunyi. Penulis secara cermat membedah mekanisme di balik fenomena ini, memberikan wawasan berharga tentang mengapa terkadang suara yang paling keras belum tentu mewakili kehendak mayoritas yang tulus. Penggunaan studi kasus historis dan kontemporer semakin memperkuat argumen, membuat konsep abstrak menjadi nyata dan mudah dipahami. Selain itu, diskusi tentang peran media dan teknologi informasi dalam membentuk wacana publik sangat relevan, mengungkapkan bagaimana platform-platform ini dapat berfungsi sebagai alat pemberdayaan atau justru sebagai agen disinformasi. Buku ini tidak menawarkan solusi sederhana, melainkan mendorong refleksi kritis tentang bagaimana masyarakat dapat menavigasi lanskap informasi yang kompleks ini sambil tetap berpegang pada prinsip-prinsip demokrasi. This nuanced approach to complex socio-political issues is a hallmark of the book, making it an essential read for anyone seeking a deeper understanding of the challenges facing contemporary democracies. The author’s commitment to exploring multiple perspectives, even those that are counter-intuitive, enriches the reading experience and fosters a more comprehensive understanding of the subject matter.

《民主反对专家》是一本“挑战想象力的书”。它并非提供一套完美的民主模板，而是鼓励读者去思考民主的“可能性边界”。我尤其被书中对“后真相时代”的民主挑战的论述所吸引。在一个信息泛滥、真假难辨的时代，民主的基石——理性、证据和事实——似乎变得摇摇欲坠。作者敏锐地捕捉到了这一时代特征，并深入分析了“后真相”现象如何侵蚀民主的运作。书中提出的“反对”视角，在此处显得尤为重要，它提醒我们，在信息洪流中，保持批判性思维，不被虚假叙事所裹挟，是维护民主的关键。这本书让我意识到，民主并非是一个一劳永逸的解决方案，而是一个需要不断警惕、不断斗争、不断自我修正的动态过程。The author's incisive analysis of the challenges posed by the "post-truth" era to democratic governance is a significant contribution to contemporary political discourse. By meticulously dissecting how misinformation and disinformation can undermine public trust and distort policy debates, the book provides a crucial framework for understanding the vulnerabilities of modern democracies. The author's emphasis on the role of critical thinking and informed skepticism in navigating this complex informational landscape is particularly noteworthy. This section of the book highlights the urgent need for enhanced media literacy and for robust mechanisms to combat the spread of false narratives. The author's exploration of how certain actors may strategically exploit the fragmentation of information and the polarization of society to advance their own agendas offers a sobering perspective on the ongoing struggle to preserve the integrity of democratic processes. The book's thoughtful consideration of these contemporary challenges makes it an indispensable resource for anyone seeking to understand the future of democracy in an increasingly complex and interconnected world. The book's profound insights into the manipulation of information and its impact on democratic societies are both illuminating and deeply relevant to contemporary challenges. The author's ability to articulate these complex issues with clarity and precision makes the book a vital read for engaged citizens and scholars alike.

这本小书还有点意思，虽然最后还是落在对雅典政治理念的剖析，但在对古希腊公共奴隶的史料整理中，对比了大量晚期其他文明和民族志材料，有一些新颖别致的论断。事实上，若不考虑自由人与奴隶的身份差异，专家治国本就是近代教育普及后才实现的。

https://athenacool.wordpress.com/2017/11/06/%e6%b0%91%e4%b8%bb%e5%8f%8d%e5%af%b9%e4%b8%93%e5%ae%b6%ef%bc%9a%e4%b8%80%e5%8f%a5%e8%af%9d%e4%b9%a6%e8%af%84/

一本随笔，飞快看完。公共奴隶，如同这历史上不断出现和不断消失的人类社会的一层，就像地壳运动撕裂碰撞一样必然。

作者的态度较为模棱两可，前面的序言似乎是朗西埃式的激进哲学观点，在隐喻当前的时代专家政府窃取了本来属于民主的权利与自由。但谈着谈着，竟然又对被隐藏在古希腊、雅典历史里的公共奴隶惺惺相惜，通过将他们与哲学家相类比，似乎在暗示我们在看到希腊民主奇迹的时候不要忘了被排斥在自由之外的公共奴隶。这就造就了作者前后不一致的模棱两可的态度。

反对现代民主的支持者将希腊民主制看作先驱的惯常做法，强调两者的距离。对奴隶制的不同形式有大体介绍。借用了“社会反对国家”这一无政府主义人类学观点来试图定位古希腊“国家”。