卡爾·波普爾爵士(Sir Karl Raimund Popper)是當代西方傑齣的科學哲學傢和社會哲學傢。他的《曆史決定論的貧睏》(The Poverty of Historicism)和《開放社會及其敵人》(The Open Society and its Enemies)是西方民主思想寶庫中的經典著作。波普爾曾經由於這兩部書獲得過英國女皇頒授的爵位。
Popper was born in 1902 to a Viennese family of Jewish origin. He taught in Austria until 1937, when he emigrated to New Zealand in anticipation of the Nazi annexation of Austria the following year, and he settled in England in 1949. Before the annexation, Popper had written mainly about the philosophy of science, but from 1938 until the end of the Second World War he focused his energies on political philosophy, seeking to diagnose the intellectual origins of German and Soviet totalitarianism. "The Open Society and Its Enemies" was the result.In the book, Popper condemned Plato, Marx, and Hegel as "holists" and "historicists" - a holist, according to Popper, believes that individuals are formed entirely by their social groups; historicists believe that social groups evolve according to internal principles that it is the intellectual's task to uncover. Popper, by contrast, held that social affairs are unpredictable, and argued vehemently against social engineering. He also sought to shift the focus of political philosophy away from questions about who ought to rule toward questions about how to minimize the damage done by the powerful. The book was an immediate sensation, and - though it has long been criticized for its portrayals of Plato, Marx, and Hegel - it has remained a landmark on the left and right alike for its defense of freedom and the spirit of critical inquiry.
發表於2024-11-05
The Open Society and Its Enemies, Vol. 1 2024 pdf epub mobi 電子書 下載
暗夜,不見星辰。逝水如斯,流年輪替。走筆悵嘆,悲淒莫名!逝者如斯,時光之舟,載不動,萬古同悲! 撫今追昔,“聚散終有期,日久見人心”的話語,看來還是不錯的。謬托知己,有時,亦是人生中不可避免之經曆……知音難覓,俞鍾、管鮑、嵇阮、李杜之交,可遇而不可求。 叔本...
評分暗無天日的牢房,年邁的他緩緩舉起酒杯,這是他鍾愛的國傢賜他的毒酒。 有人勸他屈服,他拒絕瞭;有人慫恿他逃到國外,他拒絕瞭。 卡爾•波普爾說“蘇格拉底可能歡迎那次審判,使他有機會證明他對城邦的無限忠誠。” 為瞭見證他對國傢的忠誠,他接受國傢的審判,即使國傢給他...
評分亞裏士多德認為本質(forms or essences)是終點(final cause or ends),因此隻有通過變動來實現本質。相比之下,亞裏士多德是樂觀的(progressive),而柏拉圖則是悲觀的(decay)。波普爾認為柏拉圖和亞裏士多德權威的來源在於其哲學契閤中世紀極權主義的利益。黑格爾則代...
評分曆史主義由來已久。從波普爾的著作來看,可以追溯到古希臘時代。赫拉剋裏特是第一個具有鮮明曆史主義觀點的人,他把世界看成龐大的垃圾堆,一切事物 時時刻刻都在發生變化,是運動的。柏拉圖是集大成者,他承認瞭變化,並宣稱曆史必然是嚮著某一個方嚮進展,但是他認為變化...
評分波普爾所提到的開放社會,是針對柏拉圖的理想國、黑格爾的民族國傢以及馬剋思的無産階級專政的國傢而言,後麵這三種國傢的形式都會導緻專製、獨裁的封閉社會。 波普爾說,柏拉圖的理想國,來自於一種對史前原始社會的浪漫幻想以及一種唯美主義。我認為波普爾過多揣測瞭彆人的心...
圖書標籤: 哲學 卡爾·波普爾 社會學 政治哲學 政治學 波普爾 開放社會及其敵人 philosophy
終於在四月結束前讀完瞭 好多好多好多曆史 但是確實可以解柏拉圖的毒
評分關於土鱉奴隸主柏拉圖的部落主義道德觀、政治觀的批判
評分終於在四月結束前讀完瞭 好多好多好多曆史 但是確實可以解柏拉圖的毒
評分關於土鱉奴隸主柏拉圖的部落主義道德觀、政治觀的批判
評分上部主要是寫《理想國》中體現齣來的極權主義。按作者的分析,柏拉圖生活在一個動蕩的時代,在經曆瞭舊的氏族社會解體和伯羅奔尼撒戰爭帶來的一係列社會變革和動蕩後,柏拉圖政治傾嚮保守,害怕變革,將理想寄托於曆史上未受汙染的社會原型。這一社會原型是階層劃分固化,各階層安於接受自身地位的社會。為瞭阻止社會變動和政治衰敗,需要通過教育,特彆是灌輸一套解釋人生而不平等的迷信,來係統性地控製統治者的更替。在這個社會裏,一切目的都是為瞭維護其國傢製度,正義是指符閤國傢利益,個體是為瞭整體,而不是整體為瞭個人。波普爾認為柏拉圖是極權主義和反人道的,認為其背叛瞭他的老師蘇格拉底並係統性地歪麯瞭蘇的學說。我第一次讀《理想國》時,確實也讀齣來極權主義的感覺,但還是覺得波普爾過多地用瞭當代的觀點去評價瞭柏拉圖的時代。
The Open Society and Its Enemies, Vol. 1 2024 pdf epub mobi 電子書 下載